Reticulum

37

• r close association and authenticity. While abductees call these beings ‘the grays’, they have been identified as bioengineered androids of a dwarf race from the planet known as Zeta Reticuli, of the Reticulum star system, during informative contacts with a Swiss farmer named Eduard Meier on November 3, 1975 , and further clarified in tantalizing detail over 11 years later, on February 28, 1987: Their size

39

• es, namely with flimsy, changing, stupid, and ridiculous excuses that will only surely testify to the fact that everything actually happened. With the crashed object, it concerned a beamship from the Reticulum systems. The crew di d not consist of natural human life forms but of human androids of a bioorganic nature, which means that they were artificial human android s, which the US -Army also got a hold

40

• 35 The bioorganic androids of the Reticulum people contain an authoritative programming in their artificial consciousness, which prevents that the artificial beings could ever rise over their designers, respectively their creators, but the tim

41

• 36 The complex information given by Quetzal concerning the bioorganic androids of the Reticulum people includes specific details of their collective telepathic communication and animation by ‘cosmic electromagnetic life- energies’ that indirectly refer to the resonant fourth -density environmen

42

• The enhanced electrical conductivity of metal nanowires grown within the artificially modified skull distributes the nanopulsed electrical currents of the HHO plasma atmosphere maintained within the Reticulum spacecraft to sustain the artificial lifeforms as they undertake interplanetary excursions.

45

• 40 The longstanding presence of technologically advanced extraterrestrial visitors from the Orion, Reticulum and Draco star systems, among others, extends hundreds of thousands of years into the ve iled human past. This ancient and still ongoing pattern of activity is recorded in artistic representations fr

46

• 41 Dozens of antediluvian bronze masterworks from Sanxingdui, Chi na preserve very tall reptilian humanoids associated with the diminutive bioorganic androids from the Reticulum star system, quite likely their designers (above). The physical characteristics of this reptilian race have been described by modern abductees in exactly the same detail and scale as depicted by anci

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• 171 ABBREV. NAME GENITIVE SIZE RET Reticulum Reticuli 82 SGE Sagitta Sagittae 86 SGR Sagittarius Sagittarii 15 SCO Scorpius Scorpii 33 SCL Sculptor Sculptoris 36 SCT Scutum Scuti 84 SER Serpens Serpentis 23 SEX Sextans Sextantis 47 TA

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• Binocular Astronomy 262 Reticulum, Dorado, Horologium Separation 1st Star 2nd Star 10.68° β Doradus α Doradus 6.55° β Doradus κ Doradus 6.05° ζ Horologii μ Horologii 4.89° α Doradus κ Doradus 4.46° α Doradus γ Doradus 4.37° μ Horolog

422

• 0 Pictor Pictoris Pic Easel 6 –55 Pisces Piscium Psc Fishes 1 +15 Piscis Piscis Southern Austrinius Austrini PsA Fish 22 –30 Puppis Puppis Pup Stern (deck) 8 –40 Pyxis Pyxidis Pyx Compass (sea) 9 –30 Reticulum Reticuli Ret Net 4 –60 Sagitta Sagittae Sge Arrow 20 +10 Sagittarius Sagittarii Sgr Archer 19 –25 Scorpius Scorpii Sco Scorpion 17 –40 Sculptor Sculptoris Scl Sculptor’s tools 0 –30 Scutum Scuti Sct

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• ls of all organisms except b acteria-have a number of compartments, sort of like rooms in a house. "There's the nucleus, where the DNA resides; the mitochondria, which produce energy; the endoplasmic reticulum, which processes proteins; the Golgi apparatus, wh ich is a way station for proteins that are being transported elsewhere; the lysosome, which is a garbage disposal unit;

• nclude some of those known asthe ‘Greys’ with the big black eyes; another race of Greys from Zeta Reticuli, abinary star system located around forty light years away from Earth in theconstellation of Reticulum; a group from the Andromeda constellation; and thereare apparently others from the Pleiades star system, known as the Seven Sisters,in the constellation of Taurus. The most malevolent, however, are t

• nclude some of those known asthe ‘Greys’ with the big black eyes; another race of Greys from Zeta Reticuli, abinary star system located around forty light years away from Earth in theconstellation of Reticulum; a group from the Andromeda constellation; and thereare apparently others from the Pleiades star system, known as the Seven Sisters,in the constellation of Taurus. The most malevolent, however, are t

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• em (Greys). Sirius has also been associated with reptilian-like entities. Alpha Draconis can be seen in the far northern sky and Zeta Reticuli is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Reticulum ( Figs 255 and 256 ). The latter can be seen with the naked eye when the sky is particularly dark in the southern hemisphere. Alpha Draconis is reported to be home to the Reptilian ‘royalty’ known

323

• em (Greys). Sirius has also been associated with reptilian-like entities. Alpha Draconis can be seen in the far northern sky and Zeta Reticuli is a binary star system in the southern constellation of Reticulum ( Figs 255 and 256 ). The latter can be seen with the naked eye when the sky is particularly dark in the southern hemisphere. Alpha Draconis is reported to be home to the Reptilian ‘royalty’ known

101

• ude some of those known as the 'Greys' with the big black eyes; another race of Greys from Zeta Reticuli, a binary star system located around forty light years away from Earth in the constellation of Reticulum; a group from the Andromeda constellation; and there are apparently others from the Pleiades star system, known as the Seven Sisters, in the constellation of Taurus. The most malevolent, however, are

6

• ystemsDID HE HAVE ANY IMPRESSION FROM J-ROD ABOUT J-ROD'S PLANETOR THE WAY J-ROD LIVED WHEN HE WAS NOT IN THE CONFINES OFLOS ALAMOS OR AREA 51?No. He mentioned that J-Rod was originally from the Zeta Reticulum system.ZETA RETICULII I AND II, THE BINARY SYSTEM?Ye s .

4

• LAIN BRIEFLY WHAT YOU WERE BRIEFED ON ABOUTWHO AND/OR WHAT J-ROD WAS? Initially, I was briefed that J-Rod was an alien, specifically from the (Zeta) Reticuli 1and 2 (binary) system, specifically from Reticulum 4 (fourth planet from one of thesuns). I had no idea of the truth. But it was said from Reticulum 4 now (currenttime). But I had no idea of the truth about how this came to be." Sixteen stars, includ

3

• off into a more logical mathematical, numerologicalphilosophy. those folks who then progress slower because of the lack ofambition, the lack of spiritual ambition, they are gradually moving on tothe Reticulum area. (Zeta Reticulum 1 and 2, binary star system in Milky WayGalaxy). They then become the J-Rods. THEY BECOME, BY WHAT PROCESS? IS IT SOME KIND OF RADIATIONMUTATION THAT TAKES PLACE IN THEIR CELL S

1

• lling mechanism of the saucers. No further evaluation was attempted by SA (censored) concerning the above.' COMMENT: In one instance, when this memo was photocopied and published inUFO...Contact From Reticulum by Stevens and Herrmann, for some unaccountable reasonmy name appeared in script at the bottom of the page. Although probably an innocentannotation without conspiratorial ties, it prompted one querul

1

• ars are known as Zeta 1 and Zeta 2 Reticuli, or together, as simply ZetaReticuli. They are each fifth magnitude stars - barely visible to the unaided eye-located in the obscure southern constellation Reticulum. this southerly sky locationmakes Zeta Reticuli invisible to observers north of Mexico City's latitude." The hypnosis, amnesia and alien humanoid creatures that Mr. Dickinson referred to arefrom the

5

• fferent source who does not knowLinda or Robert. He lived in Houston and had access to NASA but did notwork for NASA."BILL RYAN: This is potentially very important ... it starts to look likea trip to Reticulum 4 DID occur."I've also received two messages from a claimed intel source in the last24 hours who said that several important details were just plain wrong,and suggested that either I'd got lucky and

1

• 0 billion miles - almost onehundred times the sun-Pluto distance. The two suns probably require at least 100,000years to orbit their common center of gravity. The binary stars are in the constellationReticulum (The Net), which is 37.5 light years from our solar system. Reticulum is visiblefrom Earth's Southern Hemisphere. Both Zeta 1 and Zeta 2 are prime candidates for thesearch for life beyond Earth. Acco

2

• han five feet. Blue-grey skin that changed color with light intensity.Telepathically communicated Ebens come from the Zeta Reticuli binary star system 39.41light-years from Earth in the constellation Reticulum (the Net). American authoritiesuncertain what to believe. The distance between the binary stars is much larger than mostbinary systems and, according to Ebe, there is a solar system orbiting around e

3

• oup of tall blond and perhaps tall red-haired entities are describedas inhabiting a planet orbiting the star Tau Ceti.[ Editor's Note: Wikipedia - Tau Ceti is a 3rd-magnitude star inthe constellation Reticulum that is similar to the Sun in mass andspectral type. At 11.9 light-years from Earth, it is a relatively closestar. Tau Ceti is “metal-deficient” and so it is thought to be lesslikely to host rocky pl

19

• BOLLA, the name of a military garment worn by the Greeks and Romans. ABOMASUS, Abomasum, or Abomasius, names of the fourth domaeh of ruminating animals. The fird ltomach is ealled venter , the feeond reticulum, the third omafus, and the fourth abomajis. The third domaeh, omafis, is endued with the Angular quality of curdling milk. But the truth is, the domachs of almod all animals, whether they ruminate cr

112

• nce and compensate for the inward Casimir pressure. “Biological structures may also interact with the vacuum field. It seems possible that cells, and components of cells, for example, the endoplasmic reticulum may interact with the vacuum field in specific ways. A cell membrane, with a controllable ionic permeability, might change shape in such a way that vacuum energy is transferred. Microtubules, in cell

79

• an electric charge across the outer membrane of cells, but they do affect structures within cells. One of the main effects seems to be calcium release from a cellular structure called the endoplasmic reticulum. "In a nanosecond, we cause this major physiological event in the cell," says Vernier. "It's completely indirect and remote, and it's an extremely rapid transition." The nanopulses can also trigger c

35

• t to the morphine in contrast to the heroin. Different drugs react differently with the complex enzyme mechanisms of the liver. Phenobarbital amazingly increases the enzyme content of the endoplasmic reticulum with habitual use of the drug. Phenobarbital will then enhance a particular type of toxicity. Low doses do not hurt the body, but there is a threshold where damage from phenobarbital will begin occur

• scripts have many more follows that an actual real historical script.The occult world are teaching that the Akashic record of all recordedinformation lies somewhere in the essence of space called the reticulum dei (thenetwork of God). The mind-control victim, who actually gets his automaticwriting and his information from deep in his system, is led to believe that hehas gotten it from the Akashic record.Cl

403

• ripts have many more follows that an actual real historical script. The occult world are teaching that the Akashic record of all recorded information lies somewhere in the essence of space called the reticulum dei (the network of God). The mind-control victim, who actually gets his automatic writing and his information from deep in his system, is led to believe that he has gotten it from the Akashic record

403

• ripts have many more follows that an actual real historical script. The occult world are teaching that the Akashic record of all recorded information lies somewhere in the essence of space called the reticulum dei (the network of God). The mind-control victim, who actually gets his automatic writing and his information from deep in his system, is led to believe that he has gotten it from the Akashic record

• e would discover that the cell is more complex thanjust the infrastructure that keeps it going. A sample of a cell’s importantstructures includes: * Ribosomes that manufacture proteins. * Endoplasmic reticulum that makes and transports important chemicals used by the cell. * A nucleus that carries instructions for the cell on how to function. * Microtubules that allow the cell to move and change shape. * C

• l that was bursting out of the old. His owngeneration of the ‘eighties and ‘nineties, under a far less feverish urgency,had made its attempt to patch new and more satisfactory network into the rottingreticulum, but for the most part their patches had done no more than afford aleverage for tearing. He had built his cosmogony upon Darwin and Winwood Reade,his religion upon Cotter Morrison’s Service Of Man; h

34

• nvelope. There are workers that carry information (substances) from the courthouse (nucleus) to the city and from the city (body or cytoplasm) to the nucleus. These workers are called the endoplasmic reticulum (ER for short). Extra-cellular substances = substances outside the cells Intra-cellular substances = substances inside the cells The Golgi apparatus is named for Camillo Golgi (individuals who discov

450

• 186 – 87 emotional health, 167 – 69 mind, emotions, and the cells, 167 – 68 endochondral ossification, 59 endocrine glands, 43 , 49 – 52 , 154 . See also glandular system endometrium, 56 endoplasmic reticulum (ER), 18 endothelium, 22 enemas, 119 , 211 – 12 how to do, 211 – 12 energizing, 183 energy, 18 , 61 – 62 , 232 , 293 – 94 . See also spirituality herbal formula for, 259 – 60 levels of, 142 energy he

• n clusters and beat rhythmically to move a single cell organism or tomove particles or fluid along a surface.Cisterna Flattened membrane enclosed compartments such as the Golgi complex andendoplasmic reticulum.Citric acid cycle A set of nine connected reactions that occur in the matrix ofthe mitochondria in which acetyl groups are oxidized, generating CO2 and reducedintermediates used to produce ATP; also

• .e., endocytosis, phagocytosis,pinocytosis, etc.).Endoderm The innermost of the three primary cell layers of the animal embryowhich gives rise to the gut and most of the respiratory tract.Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Network of interconnected membranous located in thecytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that are contiguous with the outer nuclearenvelope. The rough ER, which is associated with ribosomes, is involved

• ., nuclear lamina) on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.Lectin Any protein that binds tightly to specific sugars. Lectins support theproper folding of certain glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum.Ligand Any molecule, except for an enzyme substrate, that binds tightly andspecifically to a protein macromolecule.Linkage In genetics, linkage is the tendency of two separate loci on the samechromos

• al) muscle composed oforganized, overlapping thin (actin) filaments and thick (myosin) filaments andextending from one Z disk to an adjacent one. The sarcomere shortens duringcontraction.Sarcoplasmic reticulum Network of membranes in cytoplasm of a muscle cell thatsequesters Ca2+ ions; release of stored Ca2+ induced by muscle stimulationinitiates contraction.Segregation The process that distributes an equa

• f proof of the mechanism involved. This lackof progress is indicated by an August 2015 article entitled A Non-envelopedVirus Hijacks Host Disaggregation Machinery to Translocate across theEndoplasmic Reticulum Membrane, which states that,> “How non-enveloped viruses penetrate a host membrane to enter cells and cause> disease remains an enigmatic step.”Dr Hillman identified the ‘endoplasmic reticulum’ as on

• lasmic Reticulum Membrane, which states that,> “How non-enveloped viruses penetrate a host membrane to enter cells and cause> disease remains an enigmatic step.”Dr Hillman identified the ‘endoplasmic reticulum’ as one of the artefacts thatare generated as the result of the preparation procedures necessary to viewviruses under an electron microscope.The website of the Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), a project t

• 5(7): e183.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050183Ravindran MS, Bagchi P, Inoue T, Tsai B (2015) A Non-enveloped Virus HijacksHost Disaggregation Machinery to Translocate across the Endoplasmic ReticulumMembrane. PLoS Pathog 11(8): e1005086.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1005086Encyclopedia of Life – Viruses http://eol.org/info/458Dr Stefan Lanka – Interview in Faktuell 2005 http://www.whale.to

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• - 10° of Aquarius, Venus, Part Phoenix, end of E ridanus. 6 of Swords 10° - 20° of Aquarius, Mercury, Parts Hydrus, Retic ulus, Rhombus. 7 of Swords 20° - 30° of Aquarius, Moon, Parts Phoenix, Hydra, Reticulum and Eridanus. 8 of Cups 0° - 10° of Pisces, Saturn, Part Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum. 9 of Cups 10° - 20° of Pisces, Jupiter, Part Phoenix, Eridanu s, Reticulum. 10 of Cups 20° - 30° of Pisces, Mars

1005

• screening, interlacing, lace-work, grid, grate, grating, grater, sieve, strainer, trellis, trellis-work, decussation, Technical rete, reticle or reticule or graticule, reticulation, plexus, plexure, reticulum; interstice: The mesh of the hammock broke and I fell to the ground. 2 Often, meshes. grip, clutches, grasp, toils, web, trap, entanglement, tangle, complex, complexity, intricacy: Her papers were lo

1074

• , huddle, curl up, nuzzle (up): They nestled close together to keep warm. net° n. 1 network, netting, mesh, mesh-work, web, webbing, openwork, lattice, lattice-work, trellis, trellis-work, lace-work, reticulum, reticle, rete, plexus, grid, grid-work, grille, grate, grating, fretwork; sieve, screen, strainer, sifter: They watched the fishermen mending their nets. --v. 2 catch, capture, trap, entrap, snare,

22

• od, since there are 46 sun-like stars within only 54 light years of the sun that might be expected to have planets and life. One pair, Zeta 1 and Zeta 2 Reticuli, in the southern sky constellation of Reticulum, are less than one light year apart, about 37 light years from here, and are about a billion years older than the sun. They have had ample time to develop technology much more advanced than ours. I d

20

• and black-and- white photos of the "Reticulan" craft, as well as numerous illustrations. I consider it an important work and one which is well worth reading. C9pies are available at $16.95 each from Reticulum, Box 17206, Tucson, AZ 85710. HIMALAYAN SIGHTING A UPI dispatch from Katmandu, Nepal (credit Tim Tokaryk for an Oct. 11, 1981 clipping from the Ed- monton Sun, Alberta) states that Italian Reinhold M

6

• ndelle Stevens are UFO CON- TACT: THE FOUR by Scott Corder & Donna Butts (240 pages; $17.95), UFO CONTACT FROM THE PLEIADES: SUPPLEMENTARY INVESTIGATON REPORT (533 pages; $29.95) and UFO CONTACT FROM RETICULUM: UP- DATE (444 pages; $18.95). If you're in- terested in the controversy mentioned in the first paragraph above, the Corder & Butts book will fill you in. For those who have followed either the Meier

13

• The following is a list of a few individual stars that have been named at one time or another as the "home" of alien ETs. Betty and Barney Hill: Zeta Reticula 1 & 2 (per the Fish star map) Pat: Zeta Reticulum Oscar: Tau Ceti & Epsilon Eridoni Jill: Tau Ceti (Description matches Oscar's) John Phillips: Vega Four Ladies: Sirius Some Messier numbers reported are M13, M14, M31, M23, M92 and M45. With the exce

19

• MUFON Symposium in Akron. The key reason for doing so was that Marjorie had been able to identify all the stars in the pattern. The base stars were Zeta 1 and Zeta 2 Reticuli in the constellation of Reticulum (The Net), a southern sky con- stellation. They are 2 of only 46 sun-like stars amongst the 1,000 stars within 54 light years of the sun, and ap- peared to be the closest-to-each-other pair of sun-li

7

• re 150 light- years from Earth. They are the first to be found by the Anglo-Australian Telescope in Australia. One of the new planets is a gas giant, about the size of Jupiter. It is circling Epsilon Reticulum in the "habitable region" of its parent star, suggesting liquid water could exist on the planet's surface. The smallest of the newly-discovered planets is an object called a "hot Jupiter" because it

17

• ong study of stellar maps by experts, a group of astronomers came to the conclusion that the stellar sky is seen like this from a star which is 30 light years away from us and which is located in the Reticulumconstellation... The last time a UFO was seen in the USSR was a month ago (October 1977) near the village of Sharapova Ikhota near Serpukhov. Now, let's look at slides with pictures of UFOs and their

11

• d evolve life as we know it. The argument against the Fish map further proceeds that if Zeta 1 or 2 were binary, Betty Hill would have drawn it that way, and since she didn't it doesn't represent the Reticulum portion of the sky. The above grounds for rejection of the Fish hypothesis is both premature and too severe. The double nature of Zeta 2 as determined by Bonneau is only a marginal result with the re

20

• Coundakis (Exposition Press) and Flying Saucers: Magic in the Skies by Otto Billig (Schenkman). Researcher Wendelle C. Stevens will be offering a privately-published edition of UFO . . . Contact from Reticulum, a detailed study of the William Herr- mann abduction case. This should be available in October. Stevens plans additional books during 1982. Rumor has it that researchers Stanton T. Friedman and Will

4

• to be especially vocal friends and supporters of SETI, did we? Why not? What did we conceivably have to lose if SETI had turned up intelligent radio signals emanating from, say, the Pleiades or Zeti Reticulum? Absolutely nothing. Yet instead of behaving as if SETI were a potential ally, however reluctant a one, we acted like a bunch of spoiled children on a playground that suddenly wasn't big enough for t

12

• the subject (by the aliens) as a means of projecting a less threatening image. Nevertheless it has been reported enough to have encouraged Cooper to report it as a part of his story. The idea of Zeta Reticulum as a home for aliens dates back to the Hill case, where Betty remembered a three-dimensional star map on board the UFO. Amateur astronomers have interpreted two of the larger stars in the map as bein

• iewed stated that “thealiens or EBEs were from the fourth planet orbiting Zeta 2 Reticuli[http://www.gravitywarpdrive.com/Zeta_2_Reticuli.htm] , the second star of abinary system in the Constellation Reticulum[http://www.gravitywarpdrive.com/Constellation__Reticulum.htm] . A day on Zeta 2 Reticuli Planet 4 is about 90 hours long. The Reticulan EBEs arethree to four feet tall and weigh twenty-five to fifty

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• binding of multivalent allergen cross-linking the surface, high-affinity IgE Fc receptors (Fc ε RI) or from cell membrane perturbation. This, coupled with the mobilization of Ca 2+ in the endoplasmic reticulum, leads to release of preformed granule- associated mediators by exocytosis or to the de novo synthesis of eicosanoid lipid mediators from endogenous membrane arachidonic acid stores and the activatio

120

• be performed before consulting the neurosurgeon and the patient’s usual physician. Dantrolene sodium • Acts on skeletal muscle to reduce spasticity by inhibiting calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

1025

• he same degree of ventricular filling. • The child is more dependent on the extracellular concentration of calcium for myocardial contractility. • Storage and release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the infant’s myocardium are less efficient. • The infant tolerates more tachycardia and hypotension. • Degenerative diseases are uncommon in children. • The capacity of the infant’s brain and hear

1714

• ry and 20.9% have had a previous ‘normal’ anaesthetic. 20 Mutations in the gene that programmes the ryanodine receptor, which is a tetrameric calcium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, are associated with MH. 21 This gene defect of the ryanodine receptor is present in 50% of cases. Approximately 18% of all cases of MH occur in children, and their mortality rate

• number of veteran UFO researchers who found him to be credible. [282][text00029.html#_edn282] He claims that the Eisenhower administration enteredinto a treaty with an extraterrestrial race from Zeta Reticulum, “the Grays”’,and that this treaty was never ratified as constitutionally required: In the 1950s-1960s, the U.S. administration entered into classified agreementdiscussions with the Zetas (so-called

• olism and all the chemical reactions occur. The rate is controlled byenzymes. But the secretion of enzymes is in turn controlled by DNA.The cytoplasm contains a number of organelles:• The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is an organised matrix of interconnectedflattened parallel cavities. It is the intracellular transport system. •Ribosomes are attached to the sides of the ER in some places, in which case itis c

• of interconnectedflattened parallel cavities. It is the intracellular transport system. •Ribosomes are attached to the sides of the ER in some places, in which case itis called the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are made here. Some of theseproteins include enzymes and digestive hormones, which are used by the cell,while some are secreted. The ER isolates and transports the proteins, which havebeen

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• ECM1 Extracellular matrix protein 1 Temporal lobe epilepsy LGI1 Leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein CLN8; progressive non-myoclonic epilepsy with retardation CLN8 Membrane protein in endoplasmic reticulum value, since the finding of dysmorphic and cutaneous abnormalities allow the diagnosis of a large number of cerebral diseases that give rise to epilepsy. Several laboratory studies should routinely b

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• number of rarer types. Other tumors arise from ectodermal structures related to the brain (meningioma); an increasingly important group arises from lymphocytes or their progenitor histiocytes, i.e., reticulum cells (CNS lymphoma); a var- ied constellation is derived from precursor neuronal elements (neu- roblastoma, medulloblastoma), germ cells (germinoma, craniopha- ryngioma, teratoma, etc.), or endocrin

• od. The main change since the first edition of this book (1977) is the increase in incidence of primary CNS lymphomas. When Table 31-1 was first composed, the incidence of this tumor, formerly called reticulum-cell sarcoma, was almost negligible. In the last 25 years, the number in our hospitals has more than tripled; in spe- cialized centers such as the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Cen- ter, the increa

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• of men, with the peak incidence in the fifth through seventh decades, or in the third and fourth decades in patients with AIDS. For many years, the cell of origin of this tumor was thought to be the reticulum cell and the tumor was regarded as a reticulum cell sarcoma. The meningeal histiocyte and microgliacytes are the equivalent cells in the brain to the reticulum cell of the germinal centers of lymph n

• hrough seventh decades, or in the third and fourth decades in patients with AIDS. For many years, the cell of origin of this tumor was thought to be the reticulum cell and the tumor was regarded as a reticulum cell sarcoma. The meningeal histiocyte and microgliacytes are the equivalent cells in the brain to the reticulum cell of the germinal centers of lymph nodes. Later, the intracerebral lymphocytes and

• gin of this tumor was thought to be the reticulum cell and the tumor was regarded as a reticulum cell sarcoma. The meningeal histiocyte and microgliacytes are the equivalent cells in the brain to the reticulum cell of the germinal centers of lymph nodes. Later, the intracerebral lymphocytes and lymphoblasts, also prominent components of the tumor, led to its reclassification as a lymphoma (large-cell histi

• tumor, led to its reclassification as a lymphoma (large-cell histiocytic type). It is appreciated, on the basis of immunocytochemical studies, that the tumor cells are B lymphocytes. There is a fine reticulum reaction between the reticulum cells derived from fibroblasts and microglia or histiocytes. As matters now stand, most pathologists believe that the B lymphocyte or lymphoblast is the tumor cell, whe

• tion as a lymphoma (large-cell histiocytic type). It is appreciated, on the basis of immunocytochemical studies, that the tumor cells are B lymphocytes. There is a fine reticulum reaction between the reticulum cells derived from fibroblasts and microglia or histiocytes. As matters now stand, most pathologists believe that the B lymphocyte or lymphoblast is the tumor cell, whereas the fine reticulum and “mi

• een the reticulum cells derived from fibroblasts and microglia or histiocytes. As matters now stand, most pathologists believe that the B lymphocyte or lymphoblast is the tumor cell, whereas the fine reticulum and “microgliacytes” are secondary interstitial re- actions. We tend to believe that both cell types are present and have not entirely abandoned the notion of an origin in a reticulum cell. In contra

• hereas the fine reticulum and “microgliacytes” are secondary interstitial re- actions. We tend to believe that both cell types are present and have not entirely abandoned the notion of an origin in a reticulum cell. In contrast, T-cell lymphomas of the nervous system are rare but do occur in both immunocompetent patients and in immuno- suppressed patients with AIDS. Since the brain is devoid of lym- phatic

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• nt cytoplasm, and mi- totic figures are numerous. B-cell markers applied to fixed tissue define the lymphoblastic cell population as monoclonal and iden- tify the tumor cell type. The stainability of reticulum and microglial cells, the latter by Hortega’s silver carbonate method, also serves to distinguish this tumor microscopically. There is no tumor tissue outside the brain. It should also be mentioned t

822

• metrical white matter involvement. In the most severe cases, Seitelberger hasobservedanabsenceofoligodendrocytesandmyelinatedfibers. It is hypothesized that proteolipids accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum of the oligodendrocytes, resulting in apoptosis. Patients may survive to the second and third decades. One group of cases resembles the Cockayne syndrome (page 824), with photosensitiv- ity of skin,

980

• ted portacaval shunts (Ca- vanagh; Norenberg); the cells show a number of striking abnor- malities—swelling of their terminal processes, cytoplasmic vacu- olation (distended sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum),formation of folds in the basement membrane around capillaries, and an in- crease in both the number of mitochondria and enzymes that ca- tabolize ammonia. Also, some degeneration in myelinated nerv

1016

• tance involves catalase, which is located in the peroxisomes and mitochondria; a third utilizes the “microsomal ethanol oxidizing system” (MEOS), located mainly in the microsomes of the endo- plasmic reticulum. The details of the process by which acetalde- hyde is metabolized are still not settled. Most likely it is converted by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetate. Acetaldehyde has a number of unique biochem

1106

• les of Neurology, 8/ EMcGraw-Hill BATCH L EFT top of rh base of rh cap height base of text short stand long drop folio Myosin Actin A A I Z M H T system T system Terminal cisternae Triad Sarcoplasmic reticulum Figure 45-2. Schematic illustration of the major subcellular components of a myofibril. The trans- verse (T) system, which is an invagination of the plasma membrane of the cell, surrounds the my- ofi

• st that is active only at muscarinic sites and therefore has no effect at the neuro- muscular junction. BIOCHEMISTRY OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION The sarcolemma, the transverse tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum each play a role in the control of the activity of muscle fibers. The structural components involved in excitation, contraction, and relaxation of muscle are illustrated in Fig. 45-2. Follow- ing ner

• reads quickly to the interior of the fiber along the walls of the transverse tubules, probably by a conducted action potential. The transverse tubules and the terminal cisternae of the sar- coplasmic reticulum come into close prox- imity at points referred to as triads . Here, depolarization of the transverse tubules al- ters the conformation of a voltage-sensitive calcium channel in the transverse tubule

• s al- ters the conformation of a voltage-sensitive calcium channel in the transverse tubule membrane. This causes a large protein (the ryanodine receptor) in the membrane of the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to open an internal calcium pore, allowing stored calcium to exit the SR and flood into the cytoplasm. The released calcium binds to the regulatory protein troponin , thereby removing the inhibi

• n. This chemical change allows the filaments to slide past each other, thereby shortening the muscle fiber. Relaxation occurs as a result of active (energy- dependent) Ca reuptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pyrophosphate bonds of ATP, which supply the energy for muscle contraction, must be replenished constantly by a reac- tion that involves interchanges with the muscle phosphagen crea- tine diphos

• oxidative enzymes are involved in this exchange. The intracellular Ca, as noted earlier, is released by the muscle action potential and must be reaccumulated within the cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum before actin and myosin filaments can slide back past one another in relaxation. This reuptake of Ca requires the ex- penditure of considerable energy. When there is defective genera- tion of ATP, fo

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• ers, 1992, pp 123–134. F ORSTER FM, B ORKOWSKI WJ, A LPERS BJ: Effects of denervation on fasciculations in human muscle. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 56:276, 1976. F RANZINI -A RMSTRONG C: The sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tu- bules, in Engel AG, Franzini-Armstrong C (eds): Myology: Basic and Clinical , 2nd ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 1994, pp 176–199. G ABRIEL CM, H OWARD R, K INSELLA N, et al: Prospecti

1203

• he cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) of the cell is abundant and con- tains myofibrils, various organelles such as mitochondria and ri- bosomes; each myofibril is enveloped in a membranous net, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR; Fig. 45-2). Extensions of the plasma membrane into the fiber form the transverse tubular system (T tu- bules), which are extracellular channels of communication with the intracellular sarcoplasm

• R; Fig. 45-2). Extensions of the plasma membrane into the fiber form the transverse tubular system (T tu- bules), which are extracellular channels of communication with the intracellular sarcoplasmic reticulum. The SR and T tubules are an- atomically independent but functionally related membrane sys- tems. The junctional gap between the T tubules and SR is occupied by protein formations that are attached t

1204

• e affected by disease. Thus, one may envisage causative agents or genetic defects that affect different components of sarcoplasm: the filamentous proteins; the mitochondrial enzymes; the sarcoplasmic reticulum; the specialized channels for the entry of calcium, sodium, or chlo- ride; the transverse tubules; or the sarcolemma itself. Finally, the endomysial connective tissue could be the primary pathway in

1213

• nciples of Neural Science , 4th ed. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp 253–279. K ARPATI G, C HARUK J, C ARPENTER S, et al: Myopathy caused by a deficiency of Ca-adenosine triphosphatase in sarcoplasmic reticulum (Brody’s disease). Ann Neurol 20:38, 1986. K ATZ JS, W OLFE GI, B URNS DK, et al: Isolated neck extensor myopathy: A common cause of dropped head syndrome. Neurology 46:917, 1996. K UGELBERG E, W ELA

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• β δ γ α β1α7 β α Laminin-  2 Collagen VI Dystroglycan complex Sarcoglycan complex Integrin complex F-Actin Dystrophin Calpain Dysferlin nNOS Caveolin-3 Extracellular Intracellular Golgi/Endoplasmic reticulum POMT1 POMGnT1 Fukutin Fukutin-related peptide SEPN1 Figure50-1. The molecular organization of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex in the membrane and sarcolemma and endoplasmicretiulum-Golgi apparatu

1248

• y also be increased. Muscle biopsies have disclosed only the presence of large fibers or an in- crease in the proportion of small fibers (either type 1 or 2) and slight distention of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and subsarcolemmal glycogen (probably all due to disuse atrophy).

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• tase (ATPase), which is increased in hyperthyroid muscle and decreased in hypothyroid muscle. The speed of relaxation depends on the rate of release and reaccumu- lation of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum. This is slowed in hypothyroidism and increased in hyperthyroidism (Ianuzzo et al). The myopathic effects of hypothyroidism need to be distinguished from those of a neuropathy, which may rarely compl

1265

• rocess are entirely unknown. Im- munosuppression with steroids causes involution of the thymus. With regard to thymic tumors, two forms have been described: one composed of histiocytic cells like the reticulum cells in the center of the follicles, and the other predominantly lymphocytic and con- sidered to be lymphosarcomatous. Some of the tu- mors have a high proportion of spindle-shapedcells. Overlapping

1282

• art of the dihydropyridine receptor complex, is lo- cated in the transverse tubular system. This region is believed to act both as a voltage sensor that controls calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thus mediating muscle excitation- contraction coupling, and as a calcium-conducting pore. How the reduced calcium channel function relates to hypokalemia-induced attacks of muscle weakness is not kn

1283

• rs may undergo segmental degen- eration. Electron microscopic studies have shown that the vacuoles arise as a result of proliferation and degeneration of membranous organelles within the sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse tubules (A. G. Engel). Treatment A low-sodium diet (160 meq/day), avoidance of large meals and exposure to cold, and acetazolamide 250 mg three times daily may be helpful in preventing

1284

• rally, the necrotic areas are characterized by a dissolution of myofilaments with degenera- tive vacuoles; nonnecrotic fibers contain membrane-bound vacu- oles and show dilatation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and abnor- malities of the transverse tubular system, suggesting that a vulnerability of the latter structures may be responsible for the mus- cle fiber necrosis (Atsumi et al). Malignant Hyperthermi

• abnor- mally sensitive to caffeine, which induces contracture in vitro. It has been postulated that halothane acts in a manner similar to caf- feine—that is, to release calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and prevent its reaccumulation, thus interfering with relaxation of the muscle. There is a breed of pigs, inbred for muscular devel- opment, in which muscle spasm (true contracture) and hyperther- mi

1285

• of discontinuation of anesthesia at the first hint of masseter spasm or rise of temperature. The intravenous administration of dantrolene, which inhibits the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, may be lifesaving. An infusion of 1 mg/kg is given initially and increased slowly until symptoms subside, the total dosage not to exceed 10 mg/kg. Other measures should include body cooling, intrave

1292

• s are large and subject to myoedema; when used, they may show waves of slow contraction. The basis of this disorder appears to be a slowness in the reaccu- mulation of calcium ions in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the disengagement of thin actin and thic kmyosin filaments. The EMG may show afterpotentials following voluntary contraction, but they do not resemble the typical waning discharges (“myotonic

• eferred to it as an unusual type of myotonia, and Brody, as a decrease of relaxing factor. The slow relaxation of muscles has also been attributed to a decreased uptake of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. In some cases, the disease is trans- mitted as a recessive trait; the gene defects are mutations that im- pair the function of a sarcoplasmic reticular calcium adenosine tri- phosphatase (ATPase; Od

96

• tion of olfactory epithelium (blue area) Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Cribriform plate Schwann cell Olfactory gland U nmyelinated olfactory axons Basement membrane Sustentacular cells Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Olfactory cells Dendrites T erminal bars (desmosomes) Olfactory rod (vesicle) Villi Cilia Mucus B. Schema of section through olfactory mucosa F IGURE 2.40 O LFACTORY R ECEPTORS • T he sensory

17

• low. Note, finally, that the models are the other way up to the figures in chapter 9. Reprinted with permission from Toyoshima, C. et al., 2000, ‘Crystal structure of the calcium pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum at 2.6 A ̊ resolution’, Nature , 405 , 648. Copyright (2000) Macmillan Magazines Ltd.

29

• There is a large nucleus, well-developed nucleolus (sometimes more than one), rich rough endo- plasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi apparatus (again sometimes more than one) and abundant mitochondria, whilst lysosomes, peroxisomes and multivesicular bodies are frequently visible. In addition to this wealth of org

84

• We shall see that in eukaryotic cells such as neurons the growing polypeptide chain may suffer one of several fates. If the ribosome (as is the case with the majority) is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) then the polypeptide is either passed directly into the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum and from there via the Golgi apparatus into the axon, where it may find itself caught up and carried

• of several fates. If the ribosome (as is the case with the majority) is attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) then the polypeptide is either passed directly into the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum and from there via the Golgi apparatus into the axon, where it may find itself caught up and carried along in the axoplasmic flow. Alternatively, because of its hydrophobic charac- teristics, it may

86

• protein; and, finally, post-translational control allows the alteration of the protein or polypeptide by proteolytic enzymes. This last process commonly occurs within the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and/or Golgi body. It should be borne in mind that these are just some (by no means all) of the control mechanisms available to the eukaryotic cell. Further explanation in text. Partly after Becker (

170

• e equal to the entire surface of the cell is cycled between synthesis and degradation every hour. The biosynthesis of both membrane proteins and membrane lipids occurs in and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) . We shall discuss the interrelations between ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (which together form the ‘rough’ endo- plasmic reticulum) in Chapter 15. Here we can content ourselves by merel

• ery hour. The biosynthesis of both membrane proteins and membrane lipids occurs in and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) . We shall discuss the interrelations between ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (which together form the ‘rough’ endo- plasmic reticulum) in Chapter 15. Here we can content ourselves by merely stating that proteins destined for incorporation into membrane (whether plasma membran

• membrane lipids occurs in and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) . We shall discuss the interrelations between ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (which together form the ‘rough’ endo- plasmic reticulum) in Chapter 15. Here we can content ourselves by merely stating that proteins destined for incorporation into membrane (whether plasma membrane or the membranes of intra- cellular organelles) never e

196

• cts with PIP 2 to produce IP 3 and DAG. IP 3 is a water-soluble molecule and hence it readily diffuses away into the cytoplasm. Here it may interact with receptors in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to a release of Ca 2+ (see Box 10.2). These ions, as we noted above, are known to have many and varied effects on cellular biochemistry. Ultimately IP 3 is inactivated by inositol triph

220

• events is schematised in Figure 9.4. As mentioned above, we shall see in the next section that the structure of the Na + þ K + catalytic subunit is similar to the Ca 2+ ATPase of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (and indeed also similar to the K + pump of bacteria). Pumps form yet another group of evolutionarily related proteins. 9.3 THE CALCIUM PUMP In Chapter 11 and elsewhere we shall note the great import

222

• keletal muscles, cardiac muscle, erythrocyte membranes, etc. The pump has, however, been most intensively studied in the system of internal membranes found in striped muscle fibres – the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) . The contraction of striped muscles is dependent on triggering by Ca 2+ ions and hence the concentration of calcium ions in the vicinity of the contractile elements (actin, myosin, etc.) is ver

• on triggering by Ca 2+ ions and hence the concentration of calcium ions in the vicinity of the contractile elements (actin, myosin, etc.) is very critical. It is for this reason that the sarcoplasmic reticulum provides such a rich source for the calcium pump. Indeed it appears that the pump forms up to 80% of the SR membrane. It comes as no surprise, therefore, that the first gene coding for a calcium pump

• hen the first X-ray diffraction analyses, at a 2.6 A ̊ resolution, were published at the turn of the century (see Plate 2). Suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction were obtained from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The molecule measured 100 A ̊  80 A ̊  140 A ̊ and had an M r of 110 000. The ten transmembrane helices were confirmed, as were the three large and quite widely separated cytosolic domains. These

238

• oline channel in Chapter 16. 10.1.3 Development Figure 10.12 shows the major steps in the synthesis and assembly of the nAChR complex in muscle fibres. The synthesis occurs in the rough endo- plasmic reticulum (RER) as described in Section 7.6. The assembly of the five subunits into the mature pentamer occurs in the Golgi apparatus and the receptor moves from that position, incor- porated in a transport ve

250

• + ions in controlling cellular biochemistry. The cytosolic concentration of Ca 2+ is very low (<1 m M). Reserves are, however, held by calmodulin (see Box 9.1) and in the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum. We saw in Section 8.5 that one of the major roles of IP 3 as a second messenger is to release Ca 2+ ions from their storage reservoir in the ER. This is achieved by the interaction of IP 3 with spec

251

• he type 1 IP 3 receptor is most abundant in the cerebellum but is also found in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Within the cell it can be localised on the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) but it is also present in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and on the nuclear membrane. It is also to be found in numerous tissues outside the brain. Finally, it is worth noting that this is t

• ut is also found in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Within the cell it can be localised on the membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) but it is also present in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and on the nuclear membrane. It is also to be found in numerous tissues outside the brain. Finally, it is worth noting that this is the first receptor we have discussed that is not inserted int

277

• ther properties of Ca 2+ channels found in the CNS and elsewhere are due to combinations of one or other of these a - subunits and the b -, g -and a 2 d -subunits. The L- type channel of sarcoplasmic reticulum is, for instance, a pentameric complex consisting of a 1 , a 2 , b , g and d where the a 1 -subunit is 1S, 1C or 1D; the N-type channel, more characteristic of the nervous system, is composed of the

289

• inhibited by externally applied nucleotides, including ATP, ADP, GTP, cAMP and cGMP. Hence the ‘n’ in the channel’s name. Perhaps its major location is in internal membranes, such as the endoplasmic reticulum, where its ‘external’ nucleotide sensitivity would make more sense. 11.6.3 Phospholemman Our account of chloride channels would not be complete without mentioning the surprising dis- covery that a sm

318

• 99 Figure 13.12 Disc membrane synthesis in rod inner segments. Schematic diagram to show the route of synthesis of visual pigment and rod and cone discs. The pigment is synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and (along with the other phototransduction proteins – see Chapter 8) is inserted into the ER membrane. The latter buds off as transport vesicles to form the cis face of the Golgi apparatus. Fur

354

• hese have to be manufactured in the perikaryon. For it is only in the perikaryon that the necessary protein-synthetic equipment – the DNA information tape, the ribosome machine-tools, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc. – exists. Neurons, thus, are very special types of secretory cell. The secretory membrane (i.e. the presynaptic membrane) can be more than a metre distant from the region where

356

• rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and there is always at least one and often a large number of Golgi bodies (Figure 15.2). Rough endoplasmic reticulum consists of com- plex stacks of membranes covered by innumerable ribosomes.

• rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and there is always at least one and often a large number of Golgi bodies (Figure 15.2). Rough endoplasmic reticulum consists of com- plex stacks of membranes covered by innumerable ribosomes. The latter cause the protuberances or ‘roughness’ visible in EM pictures. It is these ribosomes that synthesise protein ‘fo

372

• d be borne in mind. In particular it has been suggested that not only secretory granules, cytoskeletal elements, enzymes, etc. are carried along central axons but also fragments of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). If this is the case the synaptic terminal would be a metabolically more complex place than is usually allowed. 15.4 EXOCYTOSIS AND ENDOCYTOSIS AT THE SYNAPTIC TERMINAL After days, perhaps week

425

• he beginnings of synaptology The concept of the synapse was established over a century ago, in the mid-1890s. Before that time the notion that the grey matter of the cortex and spinal cord was a vast reticulum of anastomosing cells was dominant. Camillo Golgi was the most prominent of the reticularists, but many other prominent neuroanatomists supported the position. Meynert (1872), for instance, wrote tha

471

• hed. If the ultrastructure of a growth cone is carefully examined it can be seen to contain innumerable small vesicles sometimes running together to give larger profiles resembling smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The cone also contains mitochondria and the characteristic filamentous elements of neurites: neurotubules, microfilaments (actin) and neurofilaments. The growth of the neurite is probably accom- pli

524

• s are associated with the quite complex organellar structure visible in the electron microscope. This organellar structure constitutes the ‘spine apparatus’. It is largely built of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Like other SERs it stores Ca 2 þ ions which can be released by metabotrobic second messengers such as IP 3 (see Section 8.5). Polyribosomes are usually present but mitochondria are absent, exc

528

• te with inheritance of a prion disease. But how do these mutant forms of PrP cause the prion pathology? Radiolabelling studies show that both PrP C and PrP Sc are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). Post-translational glycosylation occurs in the normal way in the lumen of the ER and the Golgi apparatus (see Figure 15.6). But this is where differences between the isoforms begin to appear.

533

• ody’s tissues. It is found throughout the CNS, but especially in dorsal root ganglia, oligo- dendroglia and Schwann cells. Within these cells neurofibromin is associated with the smooth endo- plasmic reticulum and elements of the cytoskeleton, especially tubulin. These cells are known to show p21 ras -induced differentiation and they are also the cells most susceptible to neurofibromatosis growths. The neu

552

• ough the presenilins are widely distributed in peripheral tissues as well as the brain their normal function, at the time of writing, remains uncertain. They appear to be localised in the endoplasmic reticulum and also the Golgi body. One intriguing pointer has, however, come to light. A presenilin homologue has been found in Caenorhabditis elegans . It has been designated sel-12 and so similar are the two

571

• oscope eph from e rythropoietin p roducing human h epato- cellular cell line ephrin from Eph receptor interacting protein EPP end plate potential EPSP excitatory postsynaptic potential ER endoplasmic reticulum ERG electroretinogram FAD familial Alzheimer’s disease FAD flavine adenine dinucleotide FAQ frequently asked question FMN flavine mononucleotide fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging FraX fragil

572

• ission domain RA retrograde amnesia rCBF regional cerebral blood flow rCMR regional cerebral metabolic rate rd retinal degeneration (mouse) rds retinal degeneration slow (mouse) RER rough endoplasmic reticulum RF receptive field RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism RNA ribonucleic acid rNTP ribonucleoside triphosphate rRNA ribosomal RNA RP retinitis pigmentosa RPE retinal pigment epithelium SA sym

• ting of nucleotide repeats. Common in human genome (about 13%) SK substance K SNAP soluble NSF attachment protein SNARE SNAP receptor SNP single nucleotide polymorphism SP substance P SR sarcoplasmic reticulum STM short-term memory SV synaptic vesicle SVZ subventricular zone T thymine or transducin (context will decide) TEA tetraethylammonium chloride TEM transmission electron microscope Tg transgenic anim

574

• yotic cells) the nuclear membrane cytosol colloidal phase within the plasma mem- brane and outside the nuclear membrane but excluding formed elements such as mitochon- dria, cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, etc. dementia ‘an acquired global impairment of intellect, memory, and personality but without impairment of consciousness’ (Lishman, W.A., 1978, Organic Psychiatry , Oxford: Blackwell)

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• protein genome the total complement of genetic material in a cell or individual glycosylation addition of monosaccharide units to a polypeptide chain – usually begins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and com- pleted in the Golgi body Goldman equation an equation which relates the electrical potential across a membrane to the distribution and permeability constants of the ions which that membrane

588

• ysiology , 53 , 531–547 Lee. A.G. and J.M. East, 2001, ‘What the structure of the calcium pump tells us about its mechanism’, Biochemical Journal , 356 , 665–683 East, J.M., 2000, ‘Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium pumps: recent advances in our understanding of structure/function and biology’, Molecular Membrane Biology , 17 , 189–200 MacLennan, D.H. et al. , 1985, ‘Amino-acid sequence of Ca 2+ þ Mg 2+

• of structure/function and biology’, Molecular Membrane Biology , 17 , 189–200 MacLennan, D.H. et al. , 1985, ‘Amino-acid sequence of Ca 2+ þ Mg 2+ -dependent ATPase from rabbit muscle sarco- plasmic reticulum, deduced from its complementary DNA sequence’, Nature , 316 , 696–700 MacLennan, D.H., 2000, ‘Pumping ions’, Nature , 405 , 633–634 Toyoshima, O. et al ., 2000, ‘Crystal structure of the calcium pump

• mplementary DNA sequence’, Nature , 316 , 696–700 MacLennan, D.H., 2000, ‘Pumping ions’, Nature , 405 , 633–634 Toyoshima, O. et al ., 2000, ‘Crystal structure of the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmic reticulum at 2.6 A ̊ resolution’, Nature , 405 , 647–654 5. Other pumps and transport mechanisms Philipson, K.D. and D.A. Nicholl, 2000, ‘Sodium–calcium exchange: a molecular perspective’, Annual Review of Phy

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• 0 , 25–32 Lodish, J.H. et al ., 2000, Molecular Cell Biology (4th edn), New York: Scientific American Books Walter, P.R., R. Gilmore and G. Blobel, 1984, ‘Protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum’, Cell , 38 , 5–8 Wickner, W. and H.F. Lodish, 1985, ‘Multiple mechanisms of insertion of proteins into and across membranes’, Science , 230 , 400–407 4. Transport along the axon Almenar-Queralt, A.

615

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 65 rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 151, 336–9 smooth in growth cones 452 Energetics 197–9 Endorphins: see neuroactive peptides Enhancers 51–2, 82 enhancer trapping 126, 446, 447F Enkephalins:

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 65 rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 151, 336–9 smooth in growth cones 452 Energetics 197–9 Endorphins: see neuroactive peptides Enhancers 51–2, 82 enhancer trapping 126, 446, 447F Enkephalins: see neuroactive peptides Epigenetic

620

• ic model 149F, 150 fluidity 150 lipids 147T liquid crystal model 147, 549 microdomains 147 outer and inner leaflets 148 proteins 149–51 mobility 150–1 quantities 149 synthesis 151–2, 152F endoplasmic reticulum and 151 in oligodendroglia 153 in Xenopus rods 151 see also channel proteins, G-coupled proteins INDEX 601

628

• lineage: see sympatho-adrenal lineage Saccharomyces cerevisiae 245 Sacculus 312 Sakmann, B. 216 Saltatory conduction 332, 332F Sanger, F. 115 Sanger sequencing technique 115, 118F, 119F Sarcoplasmic reticulum 203 Saxitoxin 259 Schaffer collaterals 500, 501F Schiff base: see retinal Schistocerca gregarium 485 Schizophrenia 128, 136, 137, 508, 557 Schopenhauer, A. 1 Schwann cell: see neuroglial cells Schwan

315

• itance patterns with significant clinical variability, including incomplete penetrance. RyR1, per- haps one of the largest functional proteins, acts as a cal- cium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle and is formed as a tetramer from four identical 564 kDa subunits. Each human RyR1 subunit is 5032 amino acids long (Zorzato et al. , 1990), with much of the protein comprising a la

316

• proposed to explain how the RyR1 mutations lead to CCD (Dirksen and Avila, 2002). Some mutations, including those that also cause MH, seem to result in leaky RyR1 channels that allow the sarcoplasmic reticulum to lose calcium. This depletion of the intracellular calcium stores can impair excitation-contraction coupling and thus con- tribute to muscle weakness. Although many of the RyR1 mutations involve si

317

• al. , 2003). More recently a sec- ond mechanism for CCD has been proposed. A set of CCD mutations in region 3 of RyR1 have been identified that do not reduce the calcium content of the sarcoplas- mic reticulum, but instead seem to disrupt voltage-gated calcium release, thus effectively uncoupling excitation- contraction coupling (Avila et al. , 2001, 2003). In some families, CCD inheritance shows an autoso

326

• plate acetylcholine-receptor deficiency and myasthenic syndrome, Am J Hum Genet 70:875-885. Otsu K et al. (1994). The point mutation Arg615 → Cys in the Ca2 + release channel of skeletal sarcoplasmic reticulum is responsible for hypersensitivity to caffeine and halothane in malignant hyperther- mia, J Biol Che m 269:9413-9415. Paul-Pletzer K et al. (2002). Identification of a dantrolene-binding sequence on

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• atl Acad Sci U S A 96:10466-10471. Zorzato F et al. (1990). Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding human and rabbit forms of the Ca2 + release channel (ryanodine receptor) of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, J Biol Chem 265:2244-2256. Zorzato F et al. (2003). Clinical and functional effects of a deletion in a COOH-terminal lumenal loop of the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor, Hum Mol Genet 12:379-388.

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• li- cation-defective adenovirus in sciatic nerves of rats (Colby et al., 2000). For PMP22 mutant proteins that form an abnormal complex with calnexin resulting in its sequestration in the endoplasmic reticulum, increasing calnexin levels might be therapeutic. Knowing the molecular basis of inherited diseases prompts immediate consideration of gene therapy. Because germ line transmission is not an option fo

447

• Nogo-A’s concentration in oligodendrocytes, it has been the focus for investigating myelin-associated inhibition. Histological analysis reveals Nogo-A to be mainly local- ized in the endoplasmic reticulum but is also expressed at the surface of oligodendrocytes. It has been hypothesized that CNS injury increases the exposure of Nogo-A to the extracellular environment (Oertle et al. , 2003). Primary se

729

• volume circulated in the contactee subcul- ture but was generally dismissed by ufologists as lacking any collaboration. Sources: Stevens, Wendelle C., and William James Hermann. UFO. . .Contact from Reticulum: A Report of the Investigation. Tuc- son, Ariz.: Wendelle Stevens, 1981. Hermes Trismegistus ‘‘The thrice greatest Hermes,’’ the name given by the Greeks to the Egyptian god Thoth or Tehuti, the god

911

• - 10° of Aquarius, Venus, Part Phoenix, end of E ridanus. 6 of Swords 10° - 20° of Aquarius, Mercury, Parts Hydrus, Retic ulus, Rhombus. 7 of Swords 20° - 30° of Aquarius, Moon, Parts Phoenix, Hydra, Reticulum and Eridanus. 8 of Cups 0° - 10° of Pisces, Saturn, Part Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum. 9 of Cups 10° - 20° of Pisces, Jupiter, Part Phoenix, Eridanu s, Reticulum. 10 of Cups 20° - 30° of Pisces, Mars

• 30& of0Part of Tone an, Part of Phoenix,395 of Swordso°-io° ofAW9Part Phoenix, end of Eridanus*406 of Swords[0* -20* of$Parts Hydrus, Reticuius, Rhombus.417 of Swords20°-3O5 Of2)Parts Phoenix, Hyrda, Reticulumand Eridanus.428 of CupsQ*-JG° ofX1?Part Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum,439 of CupsIO°-20* of'llPart Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum*4410 of Cups20*-30° ofsPart Phoenix, Dorado, Reticulum.452 of Wands0*-I0

12

• d only for the Moon) Patera (pateræ) Shallow crater with scalloped edge Planitia Low-lying plain Planum Plateau or elevated plain Promontorium ‘Cape’ or headline (used only for the Moon) Regio Region Reticulum (reticula) Reticular pattern of features (Latin reticulum , a net) Rima (rimæ) Fissure Rupes (rupes) Scarp Scopulus Lobate or irregular scarp Sinus ‘Bay’; small plain Sulcus (sulci) Sub-parallel ridg

• calloped edge Planitia Low-lying plain Planum Plateau or elevated plain Promontorium ‘Cape’ or headline (used only for the Moon) Regio Region Reticulum (reticula) Reticular pattern of features (Latin reticulum , a net) Rima (rimæ) Fissure Rupes (rupes) Scarp Scopulus Lobate or irregular scarp Sinus ‘Bay’; small plain Sulcus (sulci) Sub-parallel ridges and furrows Terra Extensive ‘land’ mass (not now used f

333

• ctor The Painter — 0 2 5 247 2.02 Pisces The Fishes — 0 3 24 889 2.70 Piscis Australis The Southern Fish Fomalhaut 1 1 7 245 2.86 Puppis The Poop — 0 11 42 673 6.24 Pyxis The Compass — 0 1 7 221 3.17 Reticulum The Net — 0 2 7 114 6.14 Sagitta The Arrow — 0 2 5 80 6.25 Sagittarius The Archer — 1 14 33 867 3.80 Scorpius The Scorpion Antares 3 17 38 497 7.64 Sculptor The Sculptor — 0 0 6 475 1.26 Scutum The S

334

• iginally Sextans Uraniæ, Urania’s Sextant) By La Caille, 1752: Sculptor (originally Apparatus Sculptoris, the Sculptor’s Apparatus) Fornax (originally Fornax Chemica, the Chemical Furnace) Horologium Reticulum (originally Reticulus Rhomboidalis, the Rhomboidal Net) Cælum (originally Cæla Sculptoris, the Sculptor’s Tools) Vulpecula (originally Vulpecula et Anser, the Fox and Goose) Pictor (originally Equule

384

• but Dorado contains part of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), in which is the magnificent Tarantula looped nebula round 30 Dorad ˆ us. Mag. Luminosity Dist Sun = 1 lt-yrs α 3.27 130 192 See chart for Reticulum. γ is the prototype star of a class of variables of very low amplitude. Its fluctuations are much too small to be detected without photometric measurements. BRIGHTEST STARS Star R.A. Dec. Mag. Abs. S

440

• T HE S TAR C ATALOGUE R ETICULUM (Abbreviation: Ret). Originally Reticulum Rhomboidalis (the Rhomboidal Net). A small but quite distinctive constellation of the far south. There are two stars above the fourth magnitude. Mag. Luminosity Dist Sun = 1 lt-yrs α 3.35 600 390 β 3

535

• 6 Reber, G., 476, 482 Redman, R. O., 501 Rees, M., 484 reflection binaries, 292 reflection nebulæ, 308 Regiomontanus, 502 Regulus, 88, 89, 397 Reinmuth, K., 133, 139, 502 rejected constellations, 326 Reticulum, 431 Reynolds, R., 162 RGO, 460 Rhæticus, G. J., 502 Rhea, 184 Riccioli, G. B., 30, 88, 278, 479, 502 Richardson, R. S., 89, 220 Rider Haggard, H., 46 Ridley, H. B., 502 Rigel, 414 Ring Nebula in Lyr

212

• nical trial of high-dose ascorbic ac id supplements in advanced human cancer. Chem Biol Interact 1974 Oct; 9(4):285–315. 29 Cameron E, Campbell A, Jack T. The orthomolecular treatment of cancer. III. Reticulum cell sarcoma: D ouble complete regression induced by high-dose ascorbic a cid therapy. Chem Biol Interact 1975 Nov; 11(5):387–93 . 30 Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in t he supportive t

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• (Section II.A.8 of the AIDS case definition). Many of these terms are obsolet e or equivalent to one another. ICD-9-CM (11978) Codes: 200.0 Reticulosarcoma lymphoma (malignant): histiocytic (diffuse) reticulum cell sarcoma: pleomorphic cell type or not otherwise specified 200.2 Burkitt's tumor or lymphoma malignant lymphoma, Burkitt 's

110

• t lymphoma, follicular center cell, non-cleaved diffuse or not otherwis e specified 9640/3 Reticulosarcoma, not otherwise specified malignant lymphoma, histiocytic: diffuse or not otherwise specified reticulum cell sarcoma, not othe rwise specified malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell type 9641/3 Reticulosarcoma, pleomor phic cell type malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, pleomorphic cell type reticulum cell sar

• is e specified 9640/3 Reticulosarcoma, not otherwise specified malignant lymphoma, histiocytic: diffuse or not otherwise specified reticulum cell sarcoma, not othe rwise specified malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell type 9641/3 Reticulosarcoma, pleomor phic cell type malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, pleomorphic cell type reticulum cell sarcoma, pleomorphic cell type 9750/3 Burkitt's lymphoma or Burkitt's tu

• pecified reticulum cell sarcoma, not othe rwise specified malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell type 9641/3 Reticulosarcoma, pleomor phic cell type malignant lymphoma, histiocytic, pleomorphic cell type reticulum cell sarcoma, pleomorphic cell type 9750/3 Burkitt's lymphoma or Burkitt's tumor malignant lymphoma, undifferentiated, Burkitt's type malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic, Bur kitt's type. _____________

• inger-Verlag, 1978), and K. Roberts and J. S. Hyams, eds., Microtubules(London: Academic Press, 1979). 14 [Morphic_Resonance_split_010.html#filepos264780] One suggestion is that thesmooth endoplasmic reticulum plays a role in the transport of microtubulesubunits to the regions in which they aggregate, as in J. Burgess and D. H.Northcote, “The Relationship between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and MicrotubularA

• volution of Behavior. New York: Norton, 1975. Bunning, E. The Physiological Clock. London: English Universities Press, 1973. Burgess, J., and Northcote, D. H. “The Relationship between the EndoplasmicReticulum and Microtubular Aggregation and Disaggregation.” Planta 80 (1968):1–14. Burr, H. S. Blueprint for Immortality. London: Neville Spearman, 1972. Bursen, H. A. Dismantling the Memory Machine. Dordrecht

22

• fi nal catalog. Thirteen new southern constellations were created by Lacaille as a by-product of his work: Antlia, Caelum, Circinus, Fornax, Horologi- um, Mensa, Microscopium, Norma, Octans, Pictor, Reticulum, Sculptor, and Telescopium. With these, Lacaille fi lled in the coarser pattern of southern constellations created 150 years earlier by Keyzer. In additi- on, Lacaille changed the name of the constel

5

• urus, Crux Australis, Triangulum Australe, Circinus, Ara, Telescopium, Norma, Lupus 258 Grus, Phoenix, Tucana, Pavo, Indus, Microscopium, Sculptor 260 Eridanus (southern), Horologium, Caelum, Dorado, Reticulum, Hydrus, Mensa, Chamaeleon, Musca, Apus, Octans 262 THE PRACTICAL ASTRONOMER 264 The Beginner’s Guide to the Sky 266 Choosing a Telescope 268 Home Observatories 270 Glossary 280 Index 288 Acknowledge

211

• star Open Cluster Globular Cluster Nebula Galaxy 12 h 13 h 14 h 15 h 16 h 17 h 18 h 19 h 20 h 21 h 22 h 23 h 0 h 1 h 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h 6 h 7 h 8 h 9 h 10 h 11 h ω MENSA OCTANS CHAMAELEON VOLANS PICTOR RETICULUM DORADO CAELUM APUS TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE CIRCINUS ARA PAVO INDUS MICROSCOPIUM TUCANA HYDRUS HOROLOGIUM ERIDANUS TAURUS ERIDANUS PHOENIX GRUS CARINA VELA PUPPIS MUSCA CRUX CENTAURUS LUPUS NORMA LEO SCOR

214

• S PISCES CETUS CETUS ERIDANUS ERIDANUS CANIS MAJOR CANIS MAJOR MONOCEROS CANIS MINOR CANCER HYDRA HYDRA SEXTANS LEO ANTLIA PYXIS CRATER CORVUS VELA PUPPIS CARINA DORADO CAELUM CHAMAELEON MENSA PICTOR RETICULUM HOROLOGIUM HYDRUS TUCANA PHOENIX GRUS SCULPTOR PISCIS AUSTRINUS AQUARIUS INDUS VOLANS MUSCA CRUX CENTAURUS TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE CIRCINUS LUPUS ARA PAVO OCTANS APUS COLUMBA FORNAX LEPUS LEPUS ORION NOR

215

• CEPHEUS AQUARIUS AQUARIUS AQR CEN SCORPIUS SAGITTARIUS TELESCOPIUM CAPRICORNUS MICROSCOPIUM GRUS SCULPTOR CETUS PISCIS AUSTRINUS PYXIS ANTLIA VELA PUPPIS CARINA DORADO CAELUM PICTOR CHAMAELEON MENSA RETICULUM HOROLOGIUM HYDRUS ERIDANUS ERIDANUS COLUMBA FORNAX TUCANA PHOENIX INDUS VOLANS MUSCA CRUX TRIANGULUM AUSTRALE CIRCINUS ARA PAVO OCTANS APUS Deneb Algol Mira Mimosa Acrux Hadar Rigil Kent Achernar Can

258

• Eridanus (southern), Horologium, Caelum, Dorado, Reticulum, E ridanus , the River, stretches down into the far south, ending at Achernar, which is the ninth brightest star in the sky; it is 144 light-years away, and 1000 times as lumi- nous as the Sun. It ca

259

• adûs in Large Cloud of Magellan BRIGHTEST STARS Star R.A. Dec. Mag. Spectrum Proper name hms ° ‘“ ‘ · 04 14 25
  62 28 26 3.35 G6 Also above magnitude 4.3: ‚ (3.85). ERIDANUS HOROLOGIUM CAELUM DORADO RETICULUM BRIGHTEST STARS Star R.A. Dec. Mag. Spectrum Proper name hm s ° ‘ “ ‚ 00 25 46
  77 15 15 2.80 G1 · 01 58 46
  61 34 12 2.86 F0 Á 03 47 14
  74 14 20 3.24 M0 Also above magnitude 4.3: ‰ (4.09), Â (4.

278

• Ophiuchus 62, 168, 236–7 Orion 166, 170, 215, 248, 264, 265 Pavo 259 Pegasus 215, 217, 242–3 Perseus 166, 241 Phoenix 258 Pictor 254–5 Pisces 168, 242–3 Piscis Australis 245 Puppis 215, 255 Pyxis 254 Reticulum 260 Sagitta 234 Sagittarius 166, 196, 238–9 Scorpius 217, 238 Sculptor 31, 259 Scutum 234 Serpens 174, 237 Sextans 227 Southern Cross 166, 167 Taurus 250–1 Telescopium 166, 256–7 Triangulum 166, 240

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• thi (supergiant star) 234, 236 Ray-centres 44, 45, 54, 65 Red dwarf star 173, 177 Red giant star 175, 177 Red supergiant star 177, 238 Regor (Wolf-Rayet double star) 254 Regulus (white star) 155, 226 Reticulum (constellation) 260 Retrograde motion asteroids 132 Neptune satellites 132 Venus 70 Rhea (satellite of Saturn) 113, 116, 117, 119 Riccioli (astronomer) 44 Rigel Kent (Rigel Kentaurus) see Alpha Centa

51

• can develop until it constitutes an adult organism. Endodermis Layer of specialized cells, composed of thicker cells; in young roots it is found between the bark and the vascular tissues. Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes connected through the cytoplasm that serves as a site of synthesis and assembly for the cell to form its proteins Enzyme Protein that helps to regulate the chemical processes in

68

• terclavicular Air Sac Abdominal Air Sac Empty anterior air sacs Empty posterior air sacs INHALATION The air sacs fill up with air. 1. EXHALATION The lungs fill up with air. 2. SECTION OF THE LUNG The reticulum formed by the parabronchi facilitates the exchange of gases with the blood. THE PERCENTAGE OF THE BODY'S VOLUME TAKEN UP BY LUNGS AND AIR SACS 20 % LUNG Almost rigid because of its structure CROP Air

104

• e Painter Pictoris Pic 247 *Pisces The Fishes Piscium Psc 889 Z *Piscis Austrinus The Southern Fish Piscis Austrini PsA 245 Fomalhaut Puppis The Stern Puppis Pup 673 Pyxis The Compass Pyxidis Pyx 221 Reticulum The Net Reticuli Ret 114 *Sagitta The Arrow Sagittae Sge 80 *Sagittarius The Archer Sagittarii Sgr 867 Z *Scorpius The Scorpion Scorpii Sco 497 Z Antares Sculptor The Sculptor Sculptoris Scl 475 Scut

127

• e, with the 72-inch (1.8-m) reflec- D Double Cluster 118 DORADO ( GEN . DORADUS , ABBR . DOR .) S mall, inconspicuous southern constellation, representing a goldfish or sw ordfish, between Pictor and Reticulum. Dorado was introduced by Keyser and de Houtman at the end of the 16th century. Its brightest star,  Dor, is mag. 3.3;  Dor is one of the brightest of all CEPHEID VARIABLES (range 3.5–4.1, period 9

320

• anitia Planitiae low plain Planum Plana plateau or high plain Promontorium Promontoria headland on the Moon Regio Regiones large area marked by reflectivity or colour distinctions from adjacent areas Reticulum Reticular reticular (net-like) pattern on Venus Rima Rimae fissure Rupes Rup\-es scarp Scopulus Scopuli lobate or irregular scarp Sinus Sin\-us bay Sulcus Sulci subparallel grooves and ridges T erra

351

• Reticulum See feature article r etrograde asteroid ASTEROID with an orbital inclination of greater than 90°, so that it orbits the Sun in the opposite sense to the planets and most other Solar System bodies. B

462

• OR ECLIPTIC Schedir Mirach Almaak Hamal Algol Mirphak Mira Menkar Deneb Kaitos Achernar Acamar CASSIOPEIA ANDROMEDA PISCES CETUS ERIDANUS ERIDANUS FORNAX HOROLOGIUM DORADO CAELUM COLUMBA LEPUS PICTOR RETICULUM SCULPTOR TUCANA HYDRUS PHOENIX Rigel Alnilam Alnitak Mintaka Bellatrix Saiph Phact Betelgeuse 7 58 48 16 17 Double Cluster 51 M31 Andromeda Galaxy M33 R 41 5 10 90 88 37 119 U Crab Nebula M1 M43 Orio

463

• lnair Fomalhaut South Pole SAGITTARIUS MICROSCOPIUM INDUS TELESCOPIUM CORONA AUSTRALIS PAVO OCTANS TUCANA GRUS PISCIS AUSTRINUS PHOENIX SCULPTOR HYDRUS MENSA PICTOR CAELUM Acamar COLUMBA Phact DORADO RETICULUM HOROLOGIUM ERIDANUS FORNAX Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud γ δ ε ζ η M55 θ 1 θ 2 β 1 β 2 α ι α α α α α α α α α β β β β β β β β β β β γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ γ δ δ ρ α β γ δ δ δ δ δ ε ε ε ε ε ε

464

• scopium 3, 7 Monoceros 5 Musca 8 Norma 8 Octans 7, 8 Ophiuchus 3, 4 Orion 5, 6 Pavo 3, 7, 8 P egasus 3 Pe r seus 1, 6 Phoenix 3, 6 Pictor 5, 6, 7, 8 Pisces 3, 6 Piscis Austrinus 3 Puppis 5, 8 Pyxis 5 Reticulum 6, 7 Sagitta 3 Sagittarius 3, 4 Scorpius 4 Sculptor 3, 6 Scutum 3 Serpens 3, 4 Sextans 5 T aurus 6 T elescopium 3, 7 Tr iangulum 6 Tr iangulum Australe 8 T ucana 3, 7 Ursa Major 2, 4, 5 Ursa Minor 1,

120

• plain on the Moon; name means “ocean” palus, paludes small plain on the Moon; name means “swamp” patera, paterae an irregular crater planitia, planitiae low plain planum, plana plateau or high plain reticulum, reticula reticular (netlike) pattern on Venus rille narrow valley rima, rimae fissure on the Moon rupes scarp sinus small rounded plain; name means “bay” sulcus, sulci subparallel furrows and ridges

223

• io waves 20–21, 30–33, 80, 154–155 radius, in gravity 8 Raz Fossae 95 redness 134 Reitsema, Harold 90 remote sensing 25, 26–33, 134 resonance 51, 88, 111, 127–131 resonance Kuiper belt bodies 127–131 reticulum 97 rilles 56, 97 rima 97 ring systems 42–43 accretion in 42 density of 42 erosion of 43 formation of 85 gravity in 42 of moons 43 moons and 43 of Neptune 42, 43, 65, 85–88, 86, 151 of Pluto 110 of Sa

23

• o ntaining HV A : homovanilic acid synaptic vesicles (SV) and mitochondria (MI), terminates at the neuron to form a synapse. An extensive system of internal mem- branes and channels, the endoplasmic reticulum (E R ), is present The major metabolites are amines and acids. Inhibit[on of MAO in the neuron and, to a lesser extent, in the glial cells. Mitochon- will decrease the acid metabolites; inaccessabili

308

• w that beyond the Constellation of Orion exists a dark cloud , beyond which life has evolved on a negative plane. I’m not sure where the c urrent visiting Zeta’s came from, bu t if they came from the Reticulum Net in the Southern Constellation, that would b e beyond the dark cloud . Perhaps all Grays are not from the same group or federation. But the ones who are involved with abductions and experimentatio

108

• all the machinery, and let it flop into a huge dish. You can clean the stomach thoroughly by putting it in brine, and then use it for tripe. The intestines make good sausage skins. But don't eat the reticulum or "bible" stomach (it looks like the leaves of a book inside). Haul the carcass right clear of the groundnow. Cut out the diaphragm, the wall between chest cavity and abdomen. Heave out the heart an

108

• 108 membrane while IP3 activates the release of calcium (Ca2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum, which then activates PKC, which allows PKC to carry energy back to the cell membrane near the DAG site before activating other enzymes and intracellular substrates. PKC performs its job by moving ph

4

• bladder.12 On the other hand, Akkadian reports follow a standard sequence running counter-clockwise and starting with the manzazum 'presence' or 'station', an im-pression on the left lobe left by the reticulum (one of the sheep's four stomachs); then the padanum 'path', an impression of the abomasum; the dananum 'strength', the ligamentum teres hepatis; the bab ekallim 'gate of the palace' or abullim 'city

7

• is somewhat bigger, being nat-ural size. It bears marks showing the creases made by the pressure of other internal organs on the liver (the Akkadian manzazum 'presence', or the impression left by the reticulum, and the Akkadian padanum 'path', or the abomasal impression). Some of those who see a significant resemblance between the Falerii liver and the Near Eastern liver models have suggested that the Etru

670

• t.Cognovereid SeptemStellares,omnesin altosedentes,omnessedentesin alto:sedenteau.temin imoSpiritu.Solsplendoremdeseruit,Lunanitoremreliquit,Nebuliteraturamabjecit,Libatchrystallumabjecit,Kivanabjecitreticulum,к monilee eolioabrupit,Bel,armisréli&is,pulveremin caputconjeert.Diivero& Imperatoresse prosternentesin faciemcecidere,se prosternentesceciderein faciem,& abeuntesin maremagnumErythrœum,orbemquecircu

3123

• 38Four ofPentacles20°–30° ofPart ofToucan, partof Phoenix.39Five ofSwords0°–10° ofPart ofPhoenix, endof Eridanus.40Six ofSwords10°–20° ofParts ofHydrus,Reticulum,andRhombus.41Seven ofSwords20°–30° ofParts ofPhoenix,Hydra,Reticulum,and Eridanus.

3124

• 42Eight ofCups0°–10° ofParts ofPhoenix,Eridanus, andReticulum.43Nine ofCups10°–20° ofParts ofPhoenix,Eridanus, andReticulum.44Ten ofCups20°–30° ofParts ofPhoenix,Dorado, andReticulum.45Two ofWands0°–10° ofParts ofPhoenix andDorado.46Three of10°–Parts of

3207

• thesouthern constellations, and especially of thosenear the South Pole, are of more or less recentnomenclature, and bear witness to absence ofreference to occult knowledge; such names forinstance as Reticulum, Caelum Sculptoris,Octans, etc.16. Note by Regardie: Though this is not official tothe grade of Zelator Adeptus Minor, nor includedwithin the general tarot instructions usuallyissued, it is manifestl

618

• of M 3 Part of Pavo, Part of Hydra. 10"-20" of d Part of Toucan, Part of Hydra. 20"-30" of 0 Part of Toucan, Part of Phoenix. 0"-10" of =; O Part Phoenix, end of Eridanus. 10"-20" of P Parts Hydrus, Reticulum Rhomboidalis. 20"-30" of D Parts Phoenix, Hydra, Reticulum and Eridanus. 0"-10" of 3f 9 Part Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum. 10'-20" of Y Part Phoenix, Eridanus, Reticulum. 20"-30" of d Part Phoenix, D

619

• on- stellations, and especially of those near the South Pole, are of more <229> or less recent nomenclature, and bear witness to absence of refer- ence to Occult Knowledge; such names for instance as Reticulum, and Caelum Scluptoris, Odans, etc.-S.R.M.D. RECAPITULATION In the dominion of the various forces, the rule of each may be divided into three portions. The centre is the most pronounced in its accord

237

• Chapter Fire Keres Rumen I st stomach Ki\a -\homasum 4th stomach Figure 53. The ./(JUr stomachs in a ruminant. 213 :\1assas ( )masum Jrd stomach HL'l Ha Koso! Reticulum �nd stomach The Zohar clearly identifies the Korkeban as the stomach, and this opinion is shared almost universally by all later Kabbalists.46 Other commentaries identify the Korkeban with various di

54

• processes, their existence was mere conjecture. Thus the two opposing viewsof the nineteenth century were reticular theory, which held that the tissue of the brainwas composed of a vast anastomosing reticulum, and neuron theory, which postulatedneurons as differentiated cell types and the fundamental unit of nervous system func-tion. The ideological chasm between these camps ran deep and wide, reinforced

486

• s and their protoplasmic extensions could not be clear. Anatural interpretation, bizarre as it may now seem, was thatnerve cells were nodes, perhaps nutritive in function,embedded within a continuous reticulum of nerve fibers.Golgi’s unique and enduring contribution is generallycited as the discovery of the silver dichromate stain fornerve tissue, which for the first time allowed visualizationof nerve cell

• fnerve cells which I have defined as being opposite to theiralleged individual action,” Golgi 1967: 202).Golgi is also known for his discovery of the “internalreticular apparatus” (smooth endoplasmic reticulum or“Golgi apparatus;” see Peters, Palay, and de Webster 1991),and for his distinction between neurons with long or localaxons (respectively, Golgi Type I and Type II, also observedearly on by Cajal).I

729

• . The volume circulated in the contactee subcul-ture but was generally dismissed by ufologists as lacking anycollaboration.Sources:Stevens, Wendelle C., and William James Hermann.UFO. . .Contact from Reticulum: A Report of the Investigation. Tuc-son, Ariz.: Wendelle Stevens, 1981.Hermes Trismegistus‘‘The thrice greatest Hermes,’’ the name given by theGreeks to the Egyptian god Thoth or Tehuti, the god of w

299

• The Dulce Book been referred to as being the "Orion Crusaders" or the 'Markabians'. Sources: Rigel, Ursa Major, Draconis, Reticulum. Draconians are Reptilian in nature; the elite have winged appendages on their backs... The mass consciousness of the government agencies cooperating with the Rigelians have failed to realize that it

7

• r map by the aliens, which she later reproduced under hypnosis. The map made no sense until several years later when a new star group was discovered. Seen from the southern hemisphere, the star group Reticulum Rhomboidalis (the Rhomboidal Net) fit the description from Betty's encounter. This star group houses the two stars Zeta Reticuli 1 and Zeta Reticuli 2. Since then, many individuals have begun calling

12

• round their planet, the planet was moved through the fabric of time/space to another time/space continuum - which was a significant distance from their point of origin. You have labeled this area the Reticulum star group. The Apex planet was inserted in the Reticulum sys - tem around one of the faintest stars in that star group. This occurred simply because the planetary shift followed the fabric of time a

13

• face of the planet and realized what they had done. The negative Zeta Reticuli group allowed them - selves - with the technology they had in the past - to build ships and move to other planets in the Reticulum system where they built their culture. Others of the self - serving orientation allowed themselves to explore the universe, set - ting up colonies in several systems including Orion (Betel - geuse) a

14

• estruction they had created in their past. It is their wish to share their knowledge of what occurred in their past so that others will not need to recreate it. So the Zetas are not indigenous to the Reticulum system? Correct. However, after Apex shifted into the Reticulum system, the Zetas had many thousands of years of evolution. They have been there so long that Apex is only a dim memory to them. If the

88

• of not having invited them. You al - ways have been the invitation itself by your nature, existence, agreements, and what you represent as a planetary species. Then on a lowerphysiological level, the Reticulum could not have refused to come here? They must come here? Correct. With that foundation laid, why do we choose to invite them in the way we do? At this point we would say, speaking loosely, it is not

708

• dows". QI 4 Long-term exposure of animals to moderate or high intensity EM fields at 50 or 60Hz result in changes in the cerebellar Purkinje nerve cells that included rearrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum and the disappearance of the hypolemmal cisterns of the dendrites. Glial reactions showed an increased concentration of S-100 in the cerebellar hemispheres, which indicate disturbances in the interac