Sandoz

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• tion and kn ow-how by the French engineering firm Speichem. 1976 to 1985 Monsanto, U.S.A.: technology Monsanto to provide process to make raw material thonitrophenal for the Navoi plant. 1978 to date Sandoz, Switzerland: license Agreement on cooperation in agricultural chemicals, Soviets have obtained six licenses for Sandoz pesticides, and more to be tested. 1980 Iskra Industries, Japan: cooperation ag

14

• ly frustrated. They either didn’t seem to work, or, if they worked, took a very long time. Freud himself had often spent years over a case, with minimal success. One day, a package arrived from the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Basle. It was a new drug called LSD, and the Sandoz Laboratories were sending it to psychologists all over the world and asking them to test it. Grof himself tried it

14

• ly frustrated. They either didn’t seem to work, or, if they worked, took a very long time. Freud himself had often spent years over a case, with minimal success. One day, a package arrived from the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Laboratories in Basle. It was a new drug called LSD, and the Sandoz Laboratories were sending it to psychologists all over the world and asking them to test it. Grof himself tried it

• f a medical one, whilesuppressing harmless drugs such as marijuana and peyote along with the dangerousones.’”12Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, achemist at Sandoz A.B. – a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg.LSD’s principal component is ergotamine tartrate, which Hoffman turned intosynthetic ergotamine, a powerful mind altering, and highly addicti

• > > workforce of 26,000. It was formed in 2000 from the merger of Novartis> > Agribusiness and Zeneca Agrochemicals. Novartis was itself formed by the> > merger of the legendary Swiss chemical firms, Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy. Zeneca> > Agro came out of the British firms ICI (Imperial Chemical), and AstraZeneca.> > DowAgroSciences LLC is based in Indianapolis and is a subsidiary of The Dow> > Chemical Co. I

• 0], 107 [index_split_009.html#filepos322130]Russell, Bertrand 85 [index_split_009.html#filepos264501], 109[index_split_009.html#filepos264501], 179Russia Today 91 [index_split_009.html#filepos280186]SSandoz Inc. 40 [index_split_008.html#filepos138520]Sargant, William 89 [index_split_009.html#filepos275992]Schmitz, Hermann 62 [index_split_008.html#filepos198254]-63[index_split_008.html#filepos199969]Schw

• RETURNED TO HARVARD THAT FALL, HE BEGAN THEPSILOCYBIN PROJECT WITH HIS FELLOW PROFESSOR RICHARD ALPERT (WHO WOULD LATERCHANGE HIS NAME TO RAM DASS), GIVING THE SYNTHESIZED CHEMICAL, PURCHASED THROUGHSANDOZ, TO HUNDREDS OF GRADUATE STUDENTS, HOUSEWIVES, POETS, AND OTHER TESTSUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS AS WELL AS THE METHODOLOGY WERE ALREADYUNDER INVESTIGATION BY THE ADMINISTRATION AT HARVAR

• .THEY WERE AS FULLY REALIZED AS THE DATA SEEN IN THE EYES-OPENED WORLD.WHILE TRIPPING, I REVIEWED THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE DISCOVERY OF LSD. IN 1938,A SWISS CHEMIST, ALBERT HOFMANN, WAS WORKING FOR SANDOZ, A PHARMACEUTICALCOMPANY. HOFMANN’S ASSIGNMENT WAS TO SYNTHESIZE A SERIES OF DERIVATIVES OFERGOT, A FUNGUS GROWING ON WHEAT—IN OTHER WORDS, A MUSHROOM. SANDOZ WAS LOOKINGFOR COMPOUNDS THAT INDUCED MU

• RETURNED TO HARVARD THAT FALL, HE BEGAN THEPSILOCYBIN PROJECT WITH HIS FELLOW PROFESSOR RICHARD ALPERT (WHO WOULD LATERCHANGE HIS NAME TO RAM DASS), GIVING THE SYNTHESIZED CHEMICAL, PURCHASED THROUGHSANDOZ, TO HUNDREDS OF GRADUATE STUDENTS, HOUSEWIVES, POETS, AND OTHER TESTSUBJECTS. THE PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS AS WELL AS THE METHODOLOGY WERE ALREADYUNDER INVESTIGATION BY THE ADMINISTRATION AT HARVAR

• .THEY WERE AS FULLY REALIZED AS THE DATA SEEN IN THE EYES-OPENED WORLD.WHILE TRIPPING, I REVIEWED THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE DISCOVERY OF LSD. IN 1938,A SWISS CHEMIST, ALBERT HOFMANN, WAS WORKING FOR SANDOZ, A PHARMACEUTICALCOMPANY. HOFMANN’S ASSIGNMENT WAS TO SYNTHESIZE A SERIES OF DERIVATIVES OFERGOT, A FUNGUS GROWING ON WHEAT—IN OTHER WORDS, A MUSHROOM. SANDOZ WAS LOOKINGFOR COMPOUNDS THAT INDUCED MU

30

• ning psychiatrist for a session with LSD- 25 , diethylamide of lysergic acid. My preceptor, Do - cent Roubicek, received this fascinating experimental substance from the S wiss pharmaceutical company Sandoz. The incredibly powerful psychedelic effects of this ergot alkaloid had been discovered by Dr. Al - bert Hofmann, who accidentally intoxicated himself while working on its synthesis. The research pro

312

• h ylamide w as fir st synthesized in 1938 in Basel, Switzerland—center of medie val alchem y, wher e P aracelsus practiced in the sixteenth centur y—b y Alber t Hofmann, a y oung chemist w orking for Sandoz. One of a ser ies of compounds de veloped fr om ergot fungus, LSD-25 appear ed to ha ve no ef­ fect, and w as shelv ed and forgotten. Five year s later , Hofmann had “a pe­ culiar pr esentiment, ” as

• it was unleashed on the market and destroyedany possibility of substantial positive change emerging from that time. In 1953,the CIA commandeered the entire supply of LSD from the Swiss manufacturers,Sandoz (which was owned by S.G. Warburg of London). Later they did the same withEli Lilly when it began to produce LSD in the United States. People were sodoped and duped that they thought LSD was a weapon

• it was unleashed on the market and destroyedany possibility of substantial positive change emerging from that time. In 1953,the CIA commandeered the entire supply of LSD from the Swiss manufacturers,Sandoz (which was owned by S.G. Warburg of London). Later they did the same withEli Lilly when it began to produce LSD in the United States. People were sodoped and duped that they thought LSD was a weapon

364

• s unleashed on the market and destroye d any possibility of substantial positive change emerging from that time. In 1953, the CIA commandeered the entire supply of LS D from the Swiss ma nufacturers, Sandoz (which was owned by S.G. Wa rburg of London). Later th ey did the same with Eli Lilly when it began to produc e LSD in the United States. People were so doped and duped that they thought LS D was a w

364

• s unleashed on the market and destroye d any possibility of substantial positive change emerging from that time. In 1953, the CIA commandeered the entire supply of LS D from the Swiss ma nufacturers, Sandoz (which was owned by S.G. Wa rburg of London). Later th ey did the same with Eli Lilly when it began to produc e LSD in the United States. People were so doped and duped that they thought LS D was a w

5

• intervention by pro-industry faculty members. However, Prof.Chapela was finally awarded tenure on May 17, 2005.Novartis: On March 7, 1996, an earthshaking announcement was made tothe business world: Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy, the two Swiss-based chemical/lifesciences giants, had agreed to become one. Novartis, as the new company wascalled, was at that time the result of the largest corporate merger in hist

74

• 39­4 0 Marce l Bessi s Ultra-Structure de la Cellule Monographie s Sandoz , Marc h I960 , pp . Th e centricle s [nucle i of th e livin g cell ] hav e in fac t a ver y curiou s structure : the y are littl e cylinder s .. . th e wall s of eac h cylinde r ar e mad e up of nin

299

• present drug culture of th e United States is traced in its entirety to this Institute, which supervised the Central Intelligence Agency’s training programs. The "LSD counter culture" originated when Sandoz A.G., a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg & Co., developed a new drug from lysergic acid, called LSD. James Paul Warburg (son of Paul Warburg who had written the Federal Reserve Act in

74

• rland, although the e ffects of the drug are said not to have been discovered by Dr. Al bert Hofmann until 1943. Basle was the home of three huge chemic al companies, Hoffman-LaRoche, Ciba-Geigy, and Sandoz, the latter owned by German chemical monolith I.G. Farben, the mainstay of the Third Reich's war. Although the connection i s not often made, and is denied by Dr. Hofmann, I.G. Farben mai ntained a d

82

• concerns about relying on the Swiss for their suppl y of the drug. While obtaining weekly supplies from Sandoz, the CI A was also funding the Eli Lilly company in the United States to synthesize the drug so as to ensure a steady supply. In 1954 L illy announced that they had succeeded. A memo to Allen Dulles

68

• ts result was not unintentional, and it began in 1952, the year Aldous Huxley returned to the United States. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, wa s developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.B. -- a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg. While precise documentation is unavailable as to the auspices under which the LSD research was commissioned, it can be safely assumed that

69

• and its Si gnificance in the Modern Age." The seminar was actually a planning session for the "acid rock" counterculture. Huxley establis hed contact during this Harvard period with the president of Sandoz, which at the time was working on a CIA contract to produce large quantities of LSD and psilocybin (another synthetic ha llucinogenic drug) for MK-Ultra, the CIA's official chemical warfare experimen

305

• Sylvius Labs, Leiden, The Netherlands; MIT, Cambridge, MA; Gesellschaft für Strahlen und Umweltforschung, Munich, Germany; National Inst. of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park, NC; Sandoz Labs in Basle, Switzerland; Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, TN; Roswell Underground Labs, NM; Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA; Shell Labs, Kent, England; University o

• Heffterfirst isolated mescaline, the primary psychoactive compound in the peyotecactus.In 1943 Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann discovered the hallucinogenic effects ofLSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel whilestudying ergot, a fungus that grows on rye. Then, fifteen years later, in 1958,he was the first to isolate psilocybin and psilocin—the psychoactive componentsof the Mexi

• eminent French mycologist and coworker of Wasson, who managed to grow asupply of the mushroom from spore prints that he had taken in Mexico. Heim senthis newly cultivated samples to Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Laboratories inSwitzerland, and it was Hofmann, a highly distinguished chemist who hadoriginally synthesized LSD, who, in 1958, first isolated and then named theentheogenic alkaloid within the mushro

160

• per than coal and produce about as much energy. The Elec¬ tricity Commission would look into what modifications would be needed for power stations to handle marijuana as well as coal, Pickard said. ■ Sandoz Pharmaceuticals of East Hanover, NJ., which offers doctors $100 to use Sandimmune, !an immune-suppressing drug, to treat psoriasis, even though it was not FDA-approved for that ailment. A company spo

136

• rding to Standard & Poor's). 9. Lilly (U.S.) $2.3 billion ($3.72 billion Standard & Poor's). 10. Upjohn (U.S.) $2 billion. 11. Squibb (U.S.) $2 billion. 12. Johnson & Johnson (U.S.) $1.9 billion. 13. Sandoz (Switzerland) $1.8 billion. 14. Bristol Myers (U.S.) $1.6 billion. 15. Beecham Group (United Kingdom) $1.4 billion (Standard & Poor's gives $1.4 billion in sales of the U.S. subsidiary— $2.6 billion

148

• es and Xerox. She had been a publicist for NBC since 1954, when she developed her profitable children's television program. She received the Stephen S. Wise award. Number thirteen in world ranking is Sandoz of Switzerland. Lysergic acid, the famous LSD, was developed in Sandoz laboratories in 1943 by chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann. Sandoz has $5 billion a year in business revenues including $500 million in

172

• ockout drops of the Old West), ergot, cocaine, morphine and heroin. The CIA drug story begins in 1943, when the organization was still known as the OSS. A Dr. Albert Hoffmann was experimenting in the Sandoz Laboratories in Switzerland (Sandoz was then controlled by the Warburg family). Although Sandoz has been manufacturing a substance known as LSD, or lysergic acid, since 1938, it had only been used in

173

• onal spymaster, would probably have been aware of Dr. Hoffmann's experiments. After he had returned to the United States and became director of the newly created CIA, Dulles ordered 10 kg of LSD from Sandoz, the stated purpose being "for use in drug experiments with animals and human beings. As there are some 10,000 doses per gram, this meant that Dulles ordered one hundred million doses of LSD. Meanwhi

198

• , I. G. held back its discovery of sulfanilimide, which would become a potent weapon in the medical arsenal. In 1920, I. G. had signed working agreements with the important drug firms of Switzerland, Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy. In 1926, I. G. merged with Dynamit-Nobel, the German branch of the dynamite firm, while an English firm took over the English division. I. G. officials then began to negotiate with St

468

• York, 1766. The Representations of Governor Hutchinson and Others, Contained in Certain Let¬ ters. Boston, 1773. Rush, Benjamin. Sermons to Gentlemen Upon Temperance and Exercise. Philadelphia, 1772. Sandoz, Ellis, ed. Political Sermons of the American Founding Era, 1730-1805. 2nd ed. 2 vols. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998. Shaw, Samuel. The voice of one crying in a wilderness. Boston, 1746. Simmons,

50

• ey country of Switzerland. Dulles was chief of station in Berne, Switzerland in the early 1940s, at the time that the e ff ects of LSD were purportedly discovered by Dr. Albert Ho ff man, working for Sandoz laboratories. At the same time mind control experimentation using mescaline and other drugs were being used on inmates of the Dachau concentration camp, a scant 200 miles away. Allen’s brother, John

151

• are Center at Fort Detrick, Maryland, researching the e ff ects of LSD for the CIA in 1954. He delved into the e ff ects of digatoid drugs at the Permanente Research Foundation, with funding from the Sandoz Chemical Works. 3 Among Puharich’s accomplishments was the design of what is described as a radio tooth implant, the technical specs of which were sold to the CIA. At a conference on electromagnetism

50

• ey country of Switzerland. Dulles was chief of station in Berne, Switzerland in the early 1940s, at the time that the e ff ects of LSD were purportedly discovered by Dr. Albert Ho ff man, working for Sandoz laboratories. At the same time mind control experimentation using mescaline and other drugs were being used on inmates of the Dachau concentration camp, a scant 200 miles away. Allen’s brother, John

151

• are Center at Fort Detrick, Maryland, researching the e ff ects of LSD for the CIA in 1954. He delved into the e ff ects of digatoid drugs at the Permanente Research Foundation, with funding from the Sandoz Chemical Works. 3 Among Puharich’s accomplishments was the design of what is described as a radio tooth implant, the technical specs of which were sold to the CIA. At a conference on electromagnetism

200

• ASTE CAROLINA PR\HW\C-04 9/12/90 THE RALEIGH NE WS AND OBSER VER EDITORIAL—CONFLICTS OF INTEREST WITH CERTAIN STATE OFFICIALS SHOULD NO T DERAIL NOR TH CAROLINA’S ATTEMPT TO FIND SAFE WASTE DISPOSAL. SANDOZ CHEMICALS, CHEM-NUCLEAR INC. HAZARDOUS WASTE CAROLINA PR\HW\C-05 9/29/90 THE CHARLOTTE OBSERVER—AN ENGINEER HIRED BY COUNTIES OPPOSED TO PLAY- ING HOST TO CHEMICAL WASTE COMPLEXES SAYS THE STATE MANI

88

• g in a maladaptive manner a gainst its manifestation, which were drugs of all types, mariju ana, and later Lysergic acid, "LSD," so conveniently provided for them by the Swiss pharmaceutical company, SANDOZ, following the discovery by one of its chemists, Albert Hoffman, how to make synthetic ergotamine, a powerful mind-altering drug. The Comm ittee of 300 financed the project through one of their banks

102

• s made in a single year by General Motors, Ford and C hrysler in their heydays. The trend in making huge profits out of drugs was carried over into the 1960's by such "legal" drug d eath merchants as Sandoz, the makers of LSD and Hoffman la Roche, manufacturers of Valium. The cost of the raw materi al and manufacturing of Valium to Hoffman la Roche is $3 p er kilo (2.2 pounds). It is sold to their distr

304

• II. It was discovered by accident, actually. Leaving Sandoz Labs, the guy who discovered it, Albert Hoffman , had spilled some on his hands. You can absorb it through your skin. He was biking home when he had the world’s first LSD trip, which was somewhat of

19

• ore than 4,000 journal articles, academic theses and miscellaneous writings on LSD; and 9 similar binders related to Psilocybin. The articles (over 20,000 pages worth!) seem to have been collected by Sandoz as a working reference library and don’t appear to include any personal notes. With the exception of a dozen or so unique items, such as Sandoz Pharmaceuticals’ shipping manifests and internal memos,

29

• ts? And have you made any more at- tempts at identifying some of their active principles? Hofmann: No. No more. Grof: Was this work interrupted because of the political and administrative problems at Sandoz caused by the unsupervised use? Do you think you would have other- wise continued in this work? And would you have liked to carry on? Hofmann: Yes, I have already said that the abuse and misuse in th

42

• ize the Albert Hofmann Foundation Col- lection, creating an online searchable database of peer-reviewed, published scientific literature on LSD and psilocybin. Originally compiled by the staff of the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corporation during Albert Hofmann’s resi- dence there, this collection of about four thousand documents represents nearly every research paper on LSD or psilocybin published worldwide

23

• has been collaborating with Erowid to create an online, searchable database of the papers Dr. Hofmann donated to the Albert Hofman Foundation in 1996. These papers were collected by the staff of the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company during Dr. Hofmann’s residence there, and comprise a comprehensive bibliography of LSD and psilocybin research from the mid- 1940s to the mid-1970s. The late Bob Wallace was th

36

• from relief of suffering, as well as eliminating the possibility of achieving leaps of understanding and well-being available through the appropriate use of LSD. Dr. Hofmann, Director of Research at Sandoz Corporation, over a period of 40 years collected roughly 4,000 research papers on LSD and psilocybin. He arranged to have this collection transferred to the Albert Hofmann Foundation in America. With

43

• es that he will not be able to sign everyone’s book, because he explained, “I’m no longer 90.” Dr. Hofmann first synthesized the compound in 1938, while researching ergot derivatives as a chemist for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel. The substance was tested on lab animals with no interesting results, so like hundreds of similar test com- pounds, investigation of this drug was abandoned. Yet, in 1943, at

22

• ponded to classified ads MAPS placed in newspapers, and others were located by interviewing some of the approximately 40 Czech doctors who worked with LSD. The research material was first provided by Sandoz, and after 1966 produced in then- communist Czechoslovakia by a state pharmaceutical company. Unfortunately, MAPS has not (yet) found any former patients of Dr. Stanislav Grof, who intro- duced the C

8

• rs and received my Ph.D. My father passed away three months before I finished my studies. However, before his death I was still able to show him my employment contract which I had already signed with Sandoz Pharmaceu - ticals. In May 1929, I started my professional life, joining the Basel-based Pharmaceu - tical-Chemical Department of Sandoz Laboratories, whose director was Profes - sor Arthur Stoll. At

33

• on an inter - national study tour of Switzerland in 1952. We were travelling around looking at different psychiatric institutions. During the trip we got the opportunity to visit the laboratories at Sandoz, in Basel. I was fascinated by what I saw go- ing on. It surprised me, because none of the other members of our party showed much interest in their work. I, however, made a point of returning to Sand

5

• g to Acid Dreams by Martin Lee and Bruce Shlain (Evergreen, 1985), lysergic acid diethy- lamide (LSD-25) was first synthesized in 1938 by Dr. Albert Hofmann, a chemist employed with the Swiss firm of Sandoz. His first LSD "trip," however, did not occur until April 16, 1943. According to John Marks (The Search for the "Manchurian Candidate," Norton, 1979), the CIA probably first approached Sandoz sometim

• ild of Artie Kornfeld of CapitolRecords, came from John Roberts, the heir to a large Pennsylvania-basedpharmaceutical company, along with two business partners. (It was anotherpharmaceutical company, Sandoz Laboratories of Switzerland, which is creditedwith having first synthesised LSD.) Roberts was later accused of using hiscompany for the mass drugging of the attendees, which appears to have been thep

357

• ve orders bank to recall loans. 1920 Dr. Otto Walberg experiments with human cells. Removes 35% of the oxygen and cells become non-reversibly cancerous. 1920 I.G. Farben signs working agreements with Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy in Switzerland. 1920 Dr. Bergius discovers hydrogenation process. 1920 William Donovan meets Adolph Hitler at Berchtesgaden and Pension Moritz. 1920 Period begins where 400 political f

371

• 38 Fifty-eight British physicians sign a mandate against compulsory immunization in Guernsey point to the virtual disappearance of Diphtheria in Sweden, a country without Diphtheria vaccination. 1938 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, now a subsidiary of I.G. Farben, begins manufacture of LSD/Lysergic acid. There is strong evidence that the “LSD conquest of the world” was a paradigm generated within British Freema

378

• Chronology of Events 368 Atlantis, Alien Visitation, and Genetic Manipulation 1943 German underground facilities being constructed in Austria and Czechoslovakia. 1943 Dr. Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz, a Swiss Pharmaceutical house owned by S. G. Warburg, develops Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, LSD. There is evidence that British and American intelligence agencies were directly involved in its develop

389

• if the opposite was not true. 1951 Approximately 400,000 pounds of penicillin and 350,000 pounds of streptomycin produced in the United States. 1951 Allen Dulles orders 100 million doses of LSD from Sandoz. 1952 Eisenhower elected president of the United States. Nixon elected VP and John Kennedy elected to Senate. 1952 John Foster Dulles and John D. Rockefeller III set up the Population Council. The Am

392

• xplodes another hydrogen bomb in Bikini Island. 1954 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) memo deems LSD A “new agent for unconventional war- fare.” CIA orders100 million doses from I. G. Farben through Sandoz for mind control experiments well into the 1960's. 1954 New York Times announces Stephen Bechtel, chairman of Bechtel Corp, has become a partner of J. P. Morgan Company. 1954 Oppenheimer dismissed fr

129

• m, EA 1729," 10/15/59, p. 4. [100] This same USAINTC study cited "A 1952 (several years prior to initial U.S. interest in LSD-25) report that the Soviets purchased a large quantity of LSD-25 from the Sandoz Company in 1951, reputed to be sufficient for 50 million doses." ( Ibid., p. 16.) 1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix A--Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Commun

129

• m, EA 1729," 10/15/59, p. 4. [100] This same USAINTC study cited "A 1952 (several years prior to initial U.S. interest in LSD-25) report that the Soviets purchased a large quantity of LSD-25 from the Sandoz Company in 1951, reputed to be sufficient for 50 million doses." ( Ibid., p. 16.) 1977 Senate MKULTRA Hearing: Appendix A--Testing and Use of Chemical and Biological Agents by the Intelligence Commun

128

• g "the spirit of the underworld . . . basic tool of primitive psychiatry" and Thorazine, "basic tool of Western psychiatry" (apparently with no suspicion of irony). But perhaps the most inventive was Sandoz, which promoted Serentil, a major tranquilizer: For anxiety which comes from not fitting in—the newcomer in town who can't make friends and the organization man who can't adjust to altered status wit

• .wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide] was first synthesizedby the Swiss [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland] chemist Albert Hofmann[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofmann] in the Sandoz[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandoz] (now Novartis[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novartis]) laboratories in Basel, Switzerland on16 November 1938. It was not until five years later on 16 April 1943, t

131

• Diethylamide). The experiment with LSD was an exponent of the Illuminati goal. 250 In 1943 Sandoz AG, a Swiss pharmaceutical company belonging to the London-based Warburg Co. began producing LSD as a drug. 251 The Tavistock Institute obtained this drug from Sandoz AG via the

208

• esent d rug culture of the United States is traced in its entirety to this Ins titute, which supervised the Central Intelligence Agency’s training programs. Th e "LSD counter culture" originated when Sandoz A.G., a Swiss pharm aceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg & Co., developed a new drug from ly sergic acid, called LSD. James Paul Warburg (son of Paul Warburg who ha d written the Federal Reserve Act

962

• forebrain neurons might account for dream amnesia and indicate a state- dependent alteration of neural plasticity, with implications for the learning process. Acknowledgments Based on the text of the Sandoz Lecture pre- sented by Dr. Hobson at the University of Edinburgh, April 23, 1975. The research described herein was supported by Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration grant MH-13923 f

172

• lled hallucinogenic will play a role in leading us into the future. It points out the existence of unique mental states that must be studied and understood.” On May 2, 1938, Dr. Albert Hofmann of the Sandoz Research Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland, first synthesized Lyserg-Saeure- Diaethylamid (LSD). Lysergic acid is found naturally in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains, and throughou

13

• t from other classes of dangerous and physically addictive drugs, such as heroin or the opiates. This demonization of hallucinogens was successful in spite of massive research efforts that began when Sandoz Pharmaceuticals decided to distribute psilocybin to qualified scientists for experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes. By employing the method for synthesis of psilocybin developed by A. Hofmann,

43

• working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering the powerful effects, however, this concentration appears to be too low to cause such impressive reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories reported the level of psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the presence of serotonin and its d

131

• 112 Psychosynthesis, 109 Psychotherapy, 26, 102-105, 108-112 Receptors (in the brain), 102 Rhizomorphs, 31, 32, 66, 75 Ricken, A., 18, 20, 58 Robbins, T., 79 Roquet, S., 110 Samorini, G., 10, 95, 114 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, 13, 43 Saprophytic species, 55, 58, 66-67, 69, 72 Saupe, S.G., 59 Saxo Grammaticus, 11 Schroeder, R.F., 100 Sclerotia, 56, 57, 69, 73, 72, 75, 117 Semerdzieva, M., 36 Serotonin, 41-4

74

• 39­4 0 Marce l Bessi s Ultra-Structure de la Cellule Monographie s Sandoz , Marc h I960 , pp . Th e centricle s [nucle i of th e livin g cell ] hav e in fac t a ver y curiou s structure : the y are littl e cylinder s .. . th e wall s of eac h cylinde r ar e mad e up of nin

1077

• ed the higher spiri- tual state of man, according to Schuré, who reproached the Church for having confiscated Christ. Yet before his death he returned to the Lutheran faith. Le Drame musical , Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher, 1875 ♦ Les Grands initiés, esquisse de l’histoire secrète des religions: Rama, Krishna, Hermès, Moïse, Pythagore, Platon, Jésus , Paris: Perrin, 1889 ♦ La Vie mystique , Paris: Perrin

• e he met—first Peggy, and then—Billy Hitchcock three years later,Leary was well on the way to becoming an acid guru, having abandoned psilocybinfor the more attractive pharmaceutical developed by the Sandoz laboratories inSwitzerland, lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD-25. Peggy Hitchcock was a NewYork City socialite with tremendous energy and an interest in everything. Sheintroduced brother Billy to Ti

• Dale Phillips 46Saladin 145, 147, 148Salinger, J. D. 254, 274Samael 175, 176Sand, Nicholas 315, 317, 318, 320Sanders, Ed 98, 101, 104, 113, 126, 127, 203Sandia Corporation 244Sandinistas 276, 290, 310Sandoz Laboratories 317Santa Barbara, CA 82, 262Santa Clara, CA 249santeria 81, 255San Antonio, TX 258San Francisco Human Rights Commission201Sao Paulo 172, 180, 185, 186, 187Sarfatti, Jack 188, 243, 244, 2

• ry, duringthe 1950s. Without going into too much detail concerning his duties under whatwas a Communist—if eventually a somewhat dangerously liberal Communist—regime,he states in many places that the Sandoz Pharmaceutical firm had sent hisinstitute a quantity of LSD-25 for testing and evaluation in 1954. Heparticipated in that testing regimen. From 1960-1967, he worked as the PrincipalInvestigator of th

• 233, 250, 256, 257, 293, 409, 460Sanders, Ed xi, xiii, xiv, 131, 132, 169, 196, 403, 409Sanders, George 110Sanders, Harlan “Colonel” 232Sanderson, Ivan T. 288, 296Sandia Corporation 258, 260, 261, 409Sandoz Pharmaceutical 386, 391Sanford and Son 221Sanjurjo, Alvara 134Sarfatti, Jack 257–265, 270–272, 295, 333, 340, 389, 398, 401, 409, 424, 425Sargant, William 7, 8, 48, 249, 324, 359, 380Sassoon, Siegfri

162

• earch work. 32 The CIA’s early investigations centered on the possibilities of dlysergic acid diethylamide, LSD. Discovered by accident in 1943 by Dr. Albert Hoffmann, a Swiss chemist working for the Sandoz Pharmaceutical firm, LSD was several times more potent than other mind-altering drugs like mescaline. In an attempt to discover how and why LSD worked as it did, and what antidotes could be used agai

333

• 164–7, 169, 171, 181–2 rubella project, 108 Rudovsky, David, 199–201, 204–5 Rugaber, Walter, 97 Sabin, Dr. Albert, 69, 90, 112 Salk, Dr. Jonas E., 91. See also polio San Quentin Prison, 79, 150, 237 Sandoz Pharmaceutical, 139 Schmidt, Mike, 79 scopolamine, 135–6, 147 Sellitto, August, 181 Sellner, Darren, 23 Servatius, Robert, 86 Sever, Dr. John, 108 Shapp, Governor Milton, 209 Shavers, Ernie, 13 Shear

39

• r months after the first nuclear reaction was created in a pile of uranium ore in Chicago, the psychotropic ef- fects of LSD-25 were discovered by a thirty-seven-year-old Swiss chemist working at the Sandoz research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland. On April 16, 1943, Dr. Albert Hof- mann accidentally absorbed a minute quantity of the rye fungus byproduct with which he was experimenting. He lat- er file

40

• sting twenty-five kilograms of psilocybin for research purposes. Psilocybin was a psychedelic substance similar in effect to LSD but more subtle and much less powerful. Before the sales department at Sandoz would act on this order for "the extraordinarily large quantity of psy- chedelic compounds," they asked the scholar to provide them with the necessary import license from U.S. health authorities. He

159

• 252 Rositzke, Harry, 142 Ross, Thomas, 140 Ruby, Jack, 185, 197-201, 263 Russell, Pat, 202 Russell, Richard B., 185, 189 Russo, Perry Raymond, 193 Salter, Andrew, 159-160 Sandia Corporation, 252-253 Sandoz Laboratories, -76, 77 Sarason, Irwin, 166-167 Scheflin, Alan W., 128 Schein, Edgar H., 52 Schmidt, David G., 225 Schwable, Frank H., 56-57 Secobarbital, 76 Secret Team, The (Prouty), 139 "Secret Vote

28

• ll you will do is return as the same person you we re before." Only months after Leary's talk, I had the myst ical experience of my life after taking ten times the normal dosage of LSD-25 (pure Swiss Sandoz LSD). I experienced a tr ansformation of consciousness that would take me years to unders tand

37

• -- 3000 micrograms --and watched my own consciousness explode open as the celestial powers seemed to speak to the deepest core of my being. The LSD I took was the purest you could fin d in the world--Sandoz LSD made in Basel, Switzerland, right out of the labs of the inventor, Albert Hoffman. The resu lt of the experience is that I was sure that I was a mystic a nd had seen things only privy to a few. I

88

• g in a maladaptive manner a gainst its manifestation, which were drugs of all types, mariju ana, and later Lysergic acid, "LSD," so conveniently provided for them by the Swiss pharmaceutical company, SANDOZ, following the discovery by one of its chemists, Albert Hoffman, how to make synthetic ergotamine, a powerful mind-altering drug. The Comm ittee of 300 financed the project through one of their banks

102

• s made in a single year by General Motors, Ford and C hrysler in their heydays. The trend in making huge profits out of drugs was carried over into the 1960's by such "legal" drug d eath merchants as Sandoz, the makers of LSD and Hoffman la Roche, manufacturers of Valium. The cost of the raw materi al and manufacturing of Valium to Hoffman la Roche is $3 p er kilo (2.2 pounds). It is sold to their distr

364

• was unleashed on the market and destroyed any possibility of substantial positive change emerging from that time. In 1953, the CIA commandeered the entire supply of LSD from the Swiss manufacturers, Sandoz (which was owned by S.G. Warburg of London). Later they did the same with Eli Lilly when it began to produce LSD in the United States. People were so doped and duped that they thought LSD was a weapo

367

• ext phase in the war involved the introduction of LSD for which Aldous Huxley was the designated Crown agent. Lycergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.G. — a Swiss phar- maceutical house owned by S. G. Warburg. While precise documentation is unavailable as to the auspices under which the LSD research was commissioned, it can be safely assumed tha

369

• on and its Significance in the Modern Age." The seminar was actually a planning session for the "acid rock" counterculture. Huxley established contact during this Harvard period with the president of Sandoz, which at the time wa s working on a CIA contract to produce large quantities of LSD and psilocybin (another synthet- ic hallucinogenic drug) for MK-ULTRA, the CIA's official chemical warfare experim

233

• made, it’s highly inappropriate.” LSD The hallucinogenic drug Lysergic acid diethylamide, better known as LSD or acid, was synthesized in 1938 by Albert Hofmann, a chemist employed by Switzer- land’s Sandoz PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY , while Hofmann was trying to create a new blood stimulant. Five years later, on April 16, 1943, Hofmann acciden- tally absorbed some LSD through his fingertips and experienced

299

• present drug culture of th e United States is traced in its entirety to this Institute, which supervised the Central Intelligence Agency’s training programs. The "LSD counter culture" originated when Sandoz A.G., a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg & Co., developed a new drug from lysergic acid, called LSD. James Paul Warburg (son of Paul Warburg who had written the Federal Reserve Act in

250

• ed like guinea p igs, resulted in several deaths. The U.S. Government had to pay millions in damages to the families of the victims, but the culprits were never indicte d. The program originated when Sandoz AG, a Swiss drug firm, owned by S.G. Wa rburg Co. of London, developed lycergic acid. Roosevelt’s advisor, Jame s Paul Warburg, son of Paul Warburg who wrote the Federal Reserve Act, and neph ew of M

250

• ed like guinea p igs, resulted in several deaths. The U.S. Government had to pay millions in damages to the families of the victims, but the culprits were never indicte d. The program originated when Sandoz AG, a Swiss drug firm, owned by S.G. Wa rburg Co. of London, developed lycergic acid. Roosevelt’s advisor, Jame s Paul Warburg, son of Paul Warburg who wrote the Federal Reserve Act, and neph ew of M

13

• t from other classes of dangerous and physically addictive drugs, such as heroin or the opiates. This demonization of hallucinogens was successful in spite of massive research efforts that began when Sandoz Pharmaceuticals decided to distribute psilocybin to qualified scientists for experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes. By employing the method for synthesis of psilocybin developed by A. Hofmann,

43

• working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering the powerful effects, however, this concentration appears to be too low to cause such impressive reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories reported the level of psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the presence of serotonin and its d

131

• 112 Psychosynthesis, 109 Psychotherapy, 26, 102-105, 108-112 Receptors (in the brain), 102 Rhizomorphs, 31, 32, 66, 75 Ricken, A., 18, 20, 58 Robbins, T., 79 Roquet, S., 110 Samorini, G., 10, 95, 114 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, 13, 43 Saprophytic species, 55, 58, 66-67, 69, 72 Saupe, S.G., 59 Saxo Grammaticus, 11 Schroeder, R.F., 100 Sclerotia, 56, 57, 69, 73, 72, 75, 117 Semerdzieva, M., 36 Serotonin, 41-4

22

• e W orld Bank The State of Israel American Medical Assosiation Psychiatry London T imes Bank of International Settlement BBC NBC Royal families of England, Holland, Denmark, Spain, Sweden Der Spiegel Sandoz (LSD -producers) P enthaouse Magazine Playboy Magazine The Round T able International Monetary F und T errorism Cosa Nostra Oil Cartel The Round T able New Age Religions Universities RAND Labor Union

201

• I A HA S even admitted that its drug testing on college campuses resulted in the “drug revolution” of the 1960s. Th is a mazing story began in 1943, when Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann, working for Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, accidentally ab - sorbed through his fi ngertips a chemical derived from the cereal fungus e rgot. He proceeded to experience a semiconscious delirium complete with kaleidoscop

274

• . For example, from 1908 to 1936, Farben withheld its discov - ery of sulfanilamide, an early sulfa drug, until the firm had signed work - ing agreements with the important drug firms of Switzerland, Sandoz a nd Ciba-Geigy. In one of the largest corporate mergers in history, these two firms joined in 1996 to form Novartis. It has been previously detailed how the support of globalists and trans - planted

408

• n Board and medical schools: Ib id. Burroughs Wellcome and Lord Oliver Franks: I bid., p. 345 Big Bill Rocke fel ler as carnival medicine-show barker: Ma rrs, Rule by Secrecy, pp. 44–45 I. G. Farben, Sandoz, and Ciba-Geigy: M ullins, Murder by Injection, p. 337 Rat studies irrelevant: L ouis J. Elsas II, MD, “Nutrasweet: Health and Safety Con - cerns,” testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee of Labor

437

• n Federation, 258–59 Russian Revolution, globalist financing of, 8–11 Rutz, Carol, 198–200 SA (Brownshirts), 22–23, 294 S afer, Morley, 353 Safra, Jacob, 298 Sagan, Carl, 86 Sanders, Bernie, 337, 365 Sandoz Laboratories, 195, 268 sarin gas, 200 satellite surveillance, 328–29 Saudi Arabia, 208–9, 360 Sauniere, Francois Berenger, 100–101 Schacht, Hjalmar, 24, 28, 109, 226 Scheid, Dr., 110–11, 112 Schellen

6

• 5 World War II On the outskirts of Basel, Switzerland, overlooking the Rhine, lies the worldwide headquarters of the Sandoz drug and chemical empire. There, on the afternoon of April 16, 1943, Dr. Albert Hofmann made an extraordinary discovery—by accident. At 37, with close-cropped hair and rimless glasses, Hofmann headed

48

• the Boston doctors in 1949, the drug showed incredible promise. Max Rinkel, a neuropsychiatrist and refugee from Hitler's Germany, was so intrigued by Kauders' presentation that he quickly contacted Sandoz, the huge Swiss pharmaceutical firm where Albert Hofmann worked. Sandoz officials arranged to ship some LSD across the Atlantic. The first American trip followed. The subject was Robert Hyde, a Vermo

52

• 51 spies out of tripping Russians—or vice versa? In the early 1950s, when the Agency developed an almost desperate need to know more about LSD, almost no outside information existed on the subject. Sandoz had done some clinical studies, as had a few other places, including Boston Psychopathic, but the work generally had not moved much beyond the horse-and-buggy stage. The MKULTRA team had literally hu

57

• eased blood pressure, or led to other odd physiological activity." Dealing with American drug companies posed no particular problems for TSS. Most cooperated in any way they could. But relations with Sandoz were more complicated. The giant Swiss firm had a monopoly on the Western world's production of LSD until 1953. Agency officials feared that Sandoz would somehow allow large quantities to reach the R

58

• 57 executives, being good Swiss businessmen, offered to supply the U.S. Government with 100 grams weekly for an indefinite period, if the Americans would pay a fair price. Twice the Sandoz president thanked the CIA men for being willing to take the nonexistent 10 kilos off the market. While he said the company now regretted it had ever discovered LSD in the first place, he promised tha

59

• 58 supply to the CIA and the military. The other—Sandoz— informed Agency representatives every time it shipped the drug. If somehow the CIA missed anything with all these sources, the Agency still had its own network of scholar- spies, the most active of

64

• 63 participants including Sidney Cohen, Humphrey Osmond, and Hudson Hoagland. The material on CIA's relations with Sandoz and Eli Lilly came from Document #24, 16 November, 1953, Subject: ARTICHOKE Conference; Document #268, 23 October, 1953, Subject: Meeting in Director's Office at 1100 hours on 23 October with Mr. Wis

65

• aw the 77-day trips at Lexington and even more dangerous LSD testing. 6. A 1975 CIA document clears up the mystery of how the Agency's military sources could have made such a huge error in estimating Sandoz's LSD supply (and probably also explains the earlier inaccurate report that the Russians had bought 50,000,000 doses). What happened, according to the document, was that the U.S. military attaché in

103

• m MKULTRA found themselves trying to obtain formulas and supplies from overseas. Instead of locking up the world's supply of the drug in a safe somewhere, they had to keep track of disbursements from Sandoz, as they were doing with LSD. Defeated by the old master, Moore laid his own work aside and sent away to Sandoz for a supply of psilocybin. This lapse in control still did not quash the hopes of Agen

109

• n's professional relationship soon grew into friendship, and in 1962 they traveled together on horseback to Huautla de Jimenez to visit Maria Sabina. Hofmann presented the curandera with some genuine Sandoz psilocybin. Wasson recalls: "Of course, Albert Hofmann is so conservative he always gives too little a dose, and it didn't have any effect." The crestfallen Hofmann believed he had duplicated "God's

125

• y. He considered himself to be a scientist who subjectively explored the far wanderings of the brain. In a series of private experiments, he pushed himself into the complete unknown by injecting pure Sandoz LSD into his thigh before climbing into the sensory-deprivation tank.[8] When the counterculture sprang up, Lilly became something of a cult figure, with his unique approach to scientific inquiry—tho

91

• s" leaves no doubt that chemistry for better living is the operating motto of some very major corporations. Prominent pharmaceutical names on the list of those taking over seed companies are: Upjohn, Sandoz, Pfizer, Monsanto, and Ciba-Geigy. If you add in the fact that roughly 40% of the antibiotics sold in the US goes to the livestock industry to be included automatically in commercial feeds, you begin

223

• o the United States as part of the Aquarian Conspiracy, through their agents, Aldous Huxley and Allen Dulles. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.B. a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg, of the Warburg family, who also operated I.G. Farben. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA when that agency began MK- Ultra, was the OSS stat

6

• 5 World War II On the outskirts of Basel, Switzerland, overlooking the Rhine, lies the worldwide headquarters of the Sandoz drug and chemical empire. There, on the afternoon of April 16, 1943, Dr. Albert Hofmann made an extraordinary discovery—by accident. At 37, with close-cropped hair and rimless glasses, Hofmann headed

48

• the Boston doctors in 1949, the drug showed incredible promise. Max Rinkel, a neuropsychiatrist and refugee from Hitler's Germany, was so intrigued by Kauders' presentation that he quickly contacted Sandoz, the huge Swiss pharmaceutical firm where Albert Hofmann worked. Sandoz officials arranged to ship some LSD across the Atlantic. The first American trip followed. The subject was Robert Hyde, a Vermo

52

• 51 spies out of tripping Russians—or vice versa? In the early 1950s, when the Agency developed an almost desperate need to know more about LSD, almost no outside information existed on the subject. Sandoz had done some clinical studies, as had a few other places, including Boston Psychopathic, but the work generally had not moved much beyond the horse-and-buggy stage. The MKULTRA team had literally hu

57

• eased blood pressure, or led to other odd physiological activity." Dealing with American drug companies posed no particular problems for TSS. Most cooperated in any way they could. But relations with Sandoz were more complicated. The giant Swiss firm had a monopoly on the Western world's production of LSD until 1953. Agency officials feared that Sandoz would somehow allow large quantities to reach the R

58

• 57 executives, being good Swiss businessmen, offered to supply the U.S. Government with 100 grams weekly for an indefinite period, if the Americans would pay a fair price. Twice the Sandoz president thanked the CIA men for being willing to take the nonexistent 10 kilos off the market. While he said the company now regretted it had ever discovered LSD in the first place, he promised tha

59

• 58 supply to the CIA and the military. The other—Sandoz— informed Agency representatives every time it shipped the drug. If somehow the CIA missed anything with all these sources, the Agency still had its own network of scholar- spies, the most active of

64

• 63 participants including Sidney Cohen, Humphrey Osmond, and Hudson Hoagland. The material on CIA's relations with Sandoz and Eli Lilly came from Document #24, 16 November, 1953, Subject: ARTICHOKE Conference; Document #268, 23 October, 1953, Subject: Meeting in Director's Office at 1100 hours on 23 October with Mr. Wis

65

• aw the 77-day trips at Lexington and even more dangerous LSD testing. 6. A 1975 CIA document clears up the mystery of how the Agency's military sources could have made such a huge error in estimating Sandoz's LSD supply (and probably also explains the earlier inaccurate report that the Russians had bought 50,000,000 doses). What happened, according to the document, was that the U.S. military attaché in

103

• m MKULTRA found themselves trying to obtain formulas and supplies from overseas. Instead of locking up the world's supply of the drug in a safe somewhere, they had to keep track of disbursements from Sandoz, as they were doing with LSD. Defeated by the old master, Moore laid his own work aside and sent away to Sandoz for a supply of psilocybin. This lapse in control still did not quash the hopes of Agen

109

• n's professional relationship soon grew into friendship, and in 1962 they traveled together on horseback to Huautla de Jimenez to visit Maria Sabina. Hofmann presented the curandera with some genuine Sandoz psilocybin. Wasson recalls: "Of course, Albert Hofmann is so conservative he always gives too little a dose, and it didn't have any effect." The crestfallen Hofmann believed he had duplicated "God's

125

• y. He considered himself to be a scientist who subjectively explored the far wanderings of the brain. In a series of private experiments, he pushed himself into the complete unknown by injecting pure Sandoz LSD into his thigh before climbing into the sensory-deprivation tank.[8] When the counterculture sprang up, Lilly became something of a cult figure, with his unique approach to scientific inquiry—tho

237

• was mounted by US intelligence (the Joint Intelligence Committee) to develop methods of conditioning personnel to prevent unauthorise d extraction of information from them. LSD, first synthesised by Sandoz Laboratories in B asel, Switzerland, in 1938 and by Dr Albert Hoffmann in 1943, arrived in the United States in 1949. Its arrival was an ingredient in the US intelligence community's developing work

238

• e, long central to many Native American religious rituals and first chemically isolated in 1896, is a phenethylamine, the ergoline skeleton of which is also contained in lysergic acid (a tryptamine). Sandoz Laboratories' chief chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann also discovered a lysergic acid derivative called ergonovine, a medication used to retard excessive postpartum uterine bleeding. Based on his work with

240

• dust'), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 2,5- dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (STP), and ot her very powerful synthetic psychoactive drugs in the 1960s. A decade earlier, the CIA and the US Army had contacted Sandoz

242

• 208 C HAPTER 4: The Hex of Himmler Laboratories requesting several kilograms of LSD for use in the test programme. Dr. Hofmann and Sandoz refused this request, so the CIA Director Allen Dulles persuaded the Indianapolis-based pharmaceutical luminary organisation, first mentioned in Chapter 2, Eli Lilly (later the pioneers of and chief

687

• liberately worsening, the physic al condition of targeted perso nnel, this might not always be a sensible move). The real Dr Hofmann was 37 years old when, on 16th April 19 43, in the laboratories of Sandoz in Basle, he was conducting research into the properties of rye fungus, in a search for a cure for migraine. In the afternoon, he began to feel peculiar, and went home to lie down. 'With eyes cl osed

39

• r months after the first nuclear reaction was created in a pile of uranium ore in Chicago, the psychotropic ef- fects of LSD-25 were discovered by a thirty-seven-year-old Swiss chemist working at the Sandoz research laboratory in Basel, Switzerland. On April 16, 1943, Dr. Albert Hof- mann accidentally absorbed a minute quantity of the rye fungus byproduct with which he was experimenting. He lat- er file

40

• sting twenty-five kilograms of psilocybin for research purposes. Psilocybin was a psychedelic substance similar in effect to LSD but more subtle and much less powerful. Before the sales department at Sandoz would act on this order for "the extraordinarily large quantity of psy- chedelic compounds," they asked the scholar to provide them with the necessary import license from U.S. health authorities. He

159

• 252 Rositzke, Harry, 142 Ross, Thomas, 140 Ruby, Jack, 185, 197-201, 263 Russell, Pat, 202 Russell, Richard B., 185, 189 Russo, Perry Raymond, 193 Salter, Andrew, 159-160 Sandia Corporation, 252-253 Sandoz Laboratories, -76, 77 Sarason, Irwin, 166-167 Scheflin, Alan W., 128 Schein, Edgar H., 52 Schmidt, David G., 225 Schwable, Frank H., 56-57 Secobarbital, 76 Secret Team, The (Prouty), 139 "Secret Vote

• ock out not kill.” The chemical, said Loucks, was called “Lysergic AcidDiethylamide [endnotes.xhtml#en0865],” or LSD. Stoll did not discover LSD. Thatdistinction went to Albert Hofmann, a chemist for Sandoz pharmaceutical companyin Basel. Werner Stoll, a colleague of Hoffmann’s (and the son of Sandoz chiefchemist, Arthur Stoll), repeated Albert Hofmann’s original LSD experiment andconcluded, “modified L

• m drugs the CIA believed the Sovietswere most heavily involved in researching was LSD. One CIA report, later sharedwith Congress, stated that “the Soviets purchased a large quantity of LSD-25from the Sandoz Company… reputed to be sufficient for 50 million doses[endnotes.xhtml#en1034].” Or so the CIA thought. A later analysis of theinformation determined that the CIA analyst working on the report made a

6

• ch will have the duty to add a few pages to it, to mark the continuity of this occult system started four centuries ago "for th e great glory of God", but in fact (1 ) Adolphe Michel: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1879).

18

• llectual" but, simultaneously, has always been, within the Roman Church and society, the champion of the strictest disposition. (9) J. Huber, professor of catholic theology in Munich, "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, p. 127).

25

• te, if the Church says so". Such is this "height of freedom" and "liberation from one's own bondage", praised earlier on by R.P. Ro uquette. Indeed, the Jesuit is truly (15) J. Huber. "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, pp. 71 & 73). (16) J. Huber: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, pp. 71 & 73).

82

• iety receiving its orders from outside; they are fighting us, let us defend ourselves; they threaten us, let us disarm them".(48) (47) H. Boehmer, op.cit., p.290. (48) Adolphe Michel: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1879, pp.77 ss)

328

• he Great Documents of Western Civilization (New York; Barnes and Noble, 1965) pp. 97-98] 2. Peter de Rosa, Vicars of Christ, page 28 3. Part IX, Sections 764 and 765 4. J. Huber, Les Jesuites, Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher (1875), pp 71ff Chapter 8: Moving In 1. Fourth session, April 8, 1546, The Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, trans- lated by H.J Shroeder, Rockford IL: TAN Books (1978) 305

338

• Bruges Colleges, 1593-1773: A Biographical Dictionary, London (1979) Hooke, Samuel H., Babylonian and Assyrian Religion, Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press (1963) Huber, J., Les Jesuites, Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher (1875) Hunt, Dave, Editor, “The Berean Call,” P.O. Box 7019, Bend, Oregon 97708 Hyneman and Lutz, editors, American Political Writing During the Founding Era 1760-1805, Indianapolis: L

215

• o the United States as part of the Aquarian Conspiracy, through their agents, Aldous Huxley and Allen Dulles. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.B. a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg, of the Warburg family, who also operated I.G. Farben. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA when that agency began MK- Ultra, was the OSS stat

223

• o the United States as part of the Aquarian Conspiracy, through their agents, Aldous Huxley and Allen Dulles. Lysergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.B. a Swiss pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg, of the Warburg family, who also operated I.G. Farben. Allen Dulles, the director of the CIA when that agency began MK- Ultra, was the OSS stat

82

• e u r , Rebecca Harding Davis, Theresa Malkiel, Agnes Smedley, Mary Heaton Vorse, Catherine Brody, Josephine Herbst, Ruth M c K e n n e y , Josephine Johnson, Beatrice Bisno, Leane Zugsmith, and Mari Sandoz. Science Science is probably the most difficult area to judge for the lay - man, especially since most people have a fairly limited understand - ing of the implications of bad science. It is worth no

93

• d out. "The next four years, I predict, will be years of mutational conflict. Unless we're very wise and very good to each other there will be many victims." On May 2, 1938, Dr. Albert Hoffman of the Sandoz Research Laboratories in Basle, Switzerland, first synthesized Lyserg-Saeure-Diaethylamid. Five years later, Dr. Hoffman accidentally inhaled a minute quantity of the drug, while working with other e

183

• Page 171 Hydergine: The First FDA - Approved Antidementia Medication Hydergine is derived from ergot alkaloids (present in rye fungus) that are also used in antimigraine medications. The drug company Sandoz (now part of Novartis) began to study hydergine after it learned that ergot alkaloids were used by nontraditional practitioners to lower a pregnant mother's blood pressure during childbirth. Sandoz's

6

• ch will have the duty to add a few pages to it, to mark the continuity of this occult system started four centuries ago "for th e great glory of God", but in fact (1 ) Adolphe Michel: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1879).

18

• llectual" but, simultaneously, has always been, within the Roman Church and society, the champion of the strictest disposition. (9) J. Huber, professor of catholic theology in Munich, "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, p. 127).

25

• te, if the Church says so". Such is this "height of freedom" and "liberation from one's own bondage", praised earlier on by R.P. Ro uquette. Indeed, the Jesuit is truly (15) J. Huber. "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, pp. 71 & 73). (16) J. Huber: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1875, pp. 71 & 73).

82

• iety receiving its orders from outside; they are fighting us, let us defend ourselves; they threaten us, let us disarm them".(48) (47) H. Boehmer, op.cit., p.290. (48) Adolphe Michel: "Les Jesuites" (Sandoz et Fischbacher, Paris 1879, pp.77 ss)

22

• pings of Native American spirituality. Then LSD made its revo- lutionary appearance. In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann was working with ergot, a rye fungus, in the natural products division of Sandoz Laboratories, even then a major pharmaceutical company. He hoped to find a drug that might help stop uterine bleeding after childbirth. One of these ergot-based com- pounds was LSD-25, or lysergic ac

23

• this effort. Researchers published hundreds of papers and dozens of books. Many international conferences, meetings, and sym- posia discussed the latest findings in human psychedelic drug research. 3 Sandoz Laboratories distributed LSD to researchers so they might induce a brief psychotic state in normal volunteers. Scientists hoped such experiments might shed light on naturally occurring psychotic diso

24

• s studies and discussions of similarities be- tween psychedelic drug effects and mystical experiences brought religion and science together in an uneasy mix. The research was moving further away from Sandoz's original agenda. Complicating things further was LSD's escape from the laboratory in the 1960s. Reports of emergency room visits, suicides, murders, birth defects, and broken chromosomes filled the

33

• know if DMT itself was psychoactive. 3 In the 1950s, Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szara read about the profoundly mind-altering effects of LSD and mescaline. He or- dered some LSD from Sandoz Laboratories so he could begin his own studies into the chemistry of consciousness. Since Szara was behind the Iron Curtain, the Swiss drug company was unwilling to risk letting their WHAT DMT Is ii

22

• pings of Native American spirituality. Then LSD made its revo- lutionary appearance. In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann was working with ergot, a rye fungus, in the natural products division of Sandoz Laboratories, even then a major pharmaceutical company. He hoped to find a drug that might help stop uterine bleeding after childbirth. One of these ergot-based com- pounds was LSD-25, or lysergic ac

23

• this effort. Researchers published hundreds of papers and dozens of books. Many international conferences, meetings, and sym- posia discussed the latest findings in human psychedelic drug research. 3 Sandoz Laboratories distributed LSD to researchers so they might induce a brief psychotic state in normal volunteers. Scientists hoped such experiments might shed light on naturally occurring psychotic diso

24

• s studies and discussions of similarities be- tween psychedelic drug effects and mystical experiences brought religion and science together in an uneasy mix. The research was moving further away from Sandoz's original agenda. Complicating things further was LSD's escape from the laboratory in the 1960s. Reports of emergency room visits, suicides, murders, birth defects, and broken chromosomes filled the

33

• know if DMT itself was psychoactive. 3 In the 1950s, Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szara read about the profoundly mind-altering effects of LSD and mescaline. He or- dered some LSD from Sandoz Laboratories so he could begin his own studies into the chemistry of consciousness. Since Szara was behind the Iron Curtain, the Swiss drug company was unwilling to risk letting their WHAT DMT Is ii

• meet the Mazatec curandera Maria Sabina, who on June 19,1955, permitted Wasson and his companions to participate fully in a velada. In1956, one of Wasson’s associates, Roger Heim, requested help from SandozPharmaceuticals in extracting the active ingredients of the mushrooms. AlbertHofmann, a research chemist at Sandoz, isolated psilocybin and psilocin anddeveloped a synthesis technique. Wasson continue

121

• mental illness. Should you arrive too late, during the first many years of my next lifetime I shall be found in the Simon Bolivar School for Boys of the Discordian Convent of San Medellin, Ciudad de Sandoz, Columbia - where instead of beating pupils for misconduct, the nuns give them blow jobs and then threaten delinquents with a termination of favors. (At least that’s what Discordian San Juan Batista,

128

• whammy with a dragon-headed Japanese condom. His handling of that challenge aroused th e admiration an d awe of old carny hands; and they were even more amazed by his friendship with Rambo, the lion. Sandoz, the lion tamer, in particular, was astonished at Cagliost ro's ability to sit for hours in the cage, he and the lion sta ring into each other's eyes like lovers. "Are you hypnotizing him?" Sandoz as

129

• pnotized. He wants to enter the world of magic, with mirrors and blue smoke and shifting shapes, and he's willing to be swindled, just to have a glimpse of that world." "Is that what that book says?" Sandoz asked. "More or less," Cagliostro sa id. "In sociological jargon." JUMPED BY JESUS D ECEMBER 24, 1983: Mary Margaret Wildeblood still couldn't get to sleep, and The Search for the Historical Vlad was

2

• Enters the University of Zurich, 1926 Gets his own lab at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland, 1935. Three years later, LSD was first synthesized in this lab.

8

• touch briefly on my career as a chemist, since the two developments are in extricably interrelated. In the spring of 1929, on concluding my chemistry studies at the University of Zurich, I joined the Sandoz Company's pharmaceutical - chemical research laboratory in Basel, as a co - worker with Professor Arthur Stoll, founder and director of the pharmaceutical department. I chose this position because it

9

• maritima) , and ergot of rye ( Claviceps purpurea or Secale cornutum ), which, owning to their instability and uncertain dosage, nevertheless, had been little used in medicine. My first years in the Sandoz laboratories were devoted almost exclusively to studying the active principles of Mediterranean squill. Dr. Walter Kreis, one of Professor Stoll's earliest associates, launched me in this field of re

11

• emistry and for medicine: the isolation of the specifically uterotonic, haemostatic principle of ergot, which was published simultaneously and quite independently by four institution s, including the Sandoz laboratories. The substance, an alkaloid of comparatively simple structure, was named ergobasine (syn. ergometrine, ergonovine) by A. Stoll and E. Burckhardt. By the chemical degradation of ergobasin

12

• h chemists in industry, who are accustomed to far better conditions. We were very frugal. Individual laboratories were considered a rare extravagance. During the first six years of my employment with Sandoz, I shared a laboratory with two colleagues. We three chemists, plus an assistant each, worked in the same room on three differ ent fields: Dr. Kreiss on cardiac glycosides; Dr. Wiedemann, who joined

13

• shows similarity in chemical structure to the analeptic already known at that time, namely nicotinic acid diethylamide (Coramine). During the testing of LSD - 25 in the pharmacological department of Sandoz, whose director at th e time was Professor Ernst Rothlin, a strong effect on the uterus was established. It amounted to some 70 percent of the activity of ergobasine. The research report also noted,

14

• for improvement of peripheral circulation and cerebral function in the control of geriatric disorders. Hydergine has proven to be an effective remedy in geriatrics for these indications. Today it is Sandoz's m ost important pharmaceutical product. Dihydroergotamine, which I likewise produced in the course of these investigations, has also found application in therapeutics as a circulation - and blood -

19

• tigation after the first trials on animals, was again admitted into the series of experimental preparations. Most of the fundamental studies on animals were carried out by Dr. Aurelio Cerletti in the Sandoz pharmacological department, headed by Professo r Rothlin. Before a new active substance can be investigated in systematic clinical trials with human subjects, extensive data on its effects and side e

29

• xplanation of LSD's radical effic acy. The nature of LSD's activity could lead to numerous possibilities of medicinal - psychiatric uses, as W. A. Stoll's ground - breaking studies had already shown. Sandoz therefore made the new active substance available to research institutes and physi cians as an experimental drug, giving it the trade name Delysid (D - Lysergsäure - diäthylamid) which I had proposed

31

• il the effects of the drug have completely orn off. ANTIDOTE The mental effects of Delysid can be rapidly reversed by the i.m. administration of 50 mg chlorpromazine. Literature available on request. SANDOZ LTD., B ASLE, SWITZERLAND The use of LSD in analytical psychotherapy is based mainly on the following psychic effects. In LSD inebriation the accustomed world view undergoes a deep - seated transform

32

• smond, and A. Hoffer in the United States; R. A. Sandison in England; W. Frederking and H. Leuner in Germany; and G. Roubicek and S. Grof in Czechoslovakia. The second indication for LSD cited in the Sandoz prospectus on Delysid concerns its use in experimental investigations on the nature of psychoses. This arises from the fact that extraordinary psychic states experimentally produced by LSD in healthy

34

• ts use as an inebriant was disseminated, bringing an upsurge in the number of untoward incidents caused by careless, medically unsupervised use, the more LSD became a problem child for me and for the Sandoz firm. It w as obvious that a substance with such fantastic effects on mental perception and on the experience of the outer and inner world would also arouse interest outside medical science, but I ha

36

• rug laws then current in most countries did not include LSD. For this reason, drug habitués changed from the legally proscribed narcotics to the still - legal substance LSD. Moreover, the last of the Sandoz patents for the production of LSD expired in 1963, removing a further hindrance to illegal manufacture of the drug. The rise of LSD in the drug scene caused our firm a nonproductive, laborious burden

37

• ous effects of LSD by drug fanatics and hippies, but also to reports of accidents, mental breakdowns, criminal acts, murders, and suicide under the influence of LSD. A veritable LSD hysteria reigned. Sandoz Stops LSD Distribution In view of this situation, the management of Sandoz was forced to make a public statement on the LSD problem and to publish accounts of the corresponding measures that had been

38

• in the "SANDOZ Bibliography on LSD" as well as in the "Catalogue of Literature on Delysid" periodically edited by SANDOZ, gives vivid proof of what has been achieved by following thi s line of policy over nearly tw

42

• absolutely stable. Such ampoules , containi ng 100 μg (= 0.1 mg) LSD - tartrate (tartaric acid salt of LSD) in 1 cc of aqueous solution, were produced for biological research and medicinal use by the Sandoz firm. LSD in tablets prepared with additives that inhibit oxidation, while not absolutely stabl e, at least keeps for a longer time. But LSD preparations often found on the black market - LSD that ha

43

• usiastically imparted the positive results obtained and gave expression to his beliefs in the advantages and very promising possibilities of such use of these active compou nds. At the same time, the Sandoz firm received an inquiry about the supply of 100g LSD and 25 kg psilocybin, signed by Dr. Timothy Leary, from the Harvard University Department of Social Relations. The requirement for such an enormo

57

• se mushrooms found their way into my laboratory, with out my assistance, at the beginning of the following year. Through the mediation of Dr. Yves Dunant, at the time dire ctor of the Paris branch of Sandoz, an inquiry came to the pharmaceutical research management in Basel from Professor Roger Heim, director of the Laboratoire de Cryptogamie of the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris, asking

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• mushrooms by similar activity, could be of use in the isolation attempts. Thus it was LSD that showed teonanácatl the way into our laboratory. As director of the department of natural products of the Sandoz pharmaceut ical - chemical research laboratories at that time, I wanted to assign - the investigation of the magic mushrooms to one of my coworkers. However, nobody showed much eagerness to take on t

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• at, like the ergot alkaloids and psilocybin, belong to the group of indole alkaloids, but wh ich were already described in the technical literature, and were therefore not investigated further in the Sandoz laboratories. [Translator's note: The active principles of niopo are DMT (N,N - dimethyltryptamine) and its congeners. DMT was first prepared in 1931 by Manske.] The fantastic effects described above

101

• or of a guru; or else hoping to come by drugs more easily there. Prague also was sometimes the goal, because LSD of good quality could at the time easily be acqu ired there. [Translator's Note: When Sandoz's patents on LSD expired in 1963, the Czech pharmaceutical firm Spofa began to manufacture the drug.] Once arrived in Europe, they wanted to take advantage of the opportunity to see the father of LSD

38

• pings of Native American spirituality. Then LSD made its revo- lutionary appearance. In 1938 the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann was working with ergot, a rye fungus, in the natural products division of Sandoz Laboratories, even then a major pharmaceutical company. He hoped to find a drug that might help stop uterine bleeding after childbirth. One of these ergot-based com- pounds was LSD-25, or lysergic ac

40

• this effort. Researchers published hundreds of papers and dozens of books. Many international conferences, meetings, and sym- posia discussed the latest findings in human psychedelic drug research. 3 Sandoz Laboratories distributed LSD to researchers so they might induce a brief psychotic state in normal volunteers. Scientists hoped such experiments might shed light on naturally occurring psychotic diso

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• s studies and discussions of similarities be- tween psychedelic drug effects and mystical experiences brought religion and science together in an uneasy mix. The research was moving further away from Sandoz's original agenda. Complicating things further was LSD's escape from the laboratory in the 1960s. Reports of emergency room visits, suicides, murders, birth defects, and broken chromosomes filled the

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• know if DMT itself was psychoactive. 3 In the 1950s, Hungarian chemist and psychiatrist Stephen Szara read about the profoundly mind-altering effects of LSD and mescaline. He or- dered some LSD from Sandoz Laboratories so he could begin his own studies into the chemistry of consciousness. Since Szara was behind the Iron Curtain, the Swiss drug company was unwilling to risk letting their

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• in College of Medicine of Yeshiva University. Dr. Strassman took his internship and general psychiatry residency at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center in Sacramento, and received the Sandoz Award for outstanding graduating resident in 1981. He spent ten years as a tenured professor at the University of New Mexico, performing clinical research investigating the function of the pineal hor

• culture—there were only hints. Although the effects of LSD hadbeen known since the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann accidentally exposed himselfto the drug in 1943, five years after he’d discovered it at Sandoz, it remaineda curiosity, the plaything of a few psychologists, writers, artists, and covertresearchers at the CIA. In 1953, William Burroughs, the literary icon of the“beat” generation, had wandered

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• ext phase in the war involved the introduction of LSD for which Aldous Huxley was the designated Crown agent. Lycergic acid diethylamide, or LSD, was developed in 1943 by Albert Hoffman, a chemist at Sandoz A.G. — a Swiss phar- maceutical house owned by S. G. Warburg. While precise documentation is unavailable as to the auspices under which the LSD research was commissioned, it can be safely assumed tha

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• on and its Significance in the Modern Age." The seminar was actually a planning session for the "acid rock" counterculture. Huxley established contact during this Harvard period with the president of Sandoz, which at the time wa s working on a CIA contract to produce large quantities of LSD and psilocybin (another synthet- ic hallucinogenic drug) for MK-ULTRA, the CIA's official chemical warfare experim

16

• ature on the use of the drug in various areas of study has mushroomed remarkably. Several hundred articles are now available on the drug and bibliographies have been prepared by Certelli (12), by the Sandoz Company (44) and by Caldwell (11).

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• Hallucinogens; Tools in Experimental Psychiatry, Dis. Nerv. System, 16, p. 1, 1955. 43. Sandison, R.A. : Psychological Aspects of the LSD Treatment of Neuroses, J. Ment. Sci., 100, p. 503, 1954. 44. Sandoz Chemical Works Inc. : Sandoz Pharmaceuticals Annotated Bibliography, LSD-25 – Delysid, p. 56, Hanover, N.J., 1956. 45. Smith, C. : A New Adjunct to the Treatment of Alcoholism, - The Hallucinogenic D

13

• t from other classes of dangerous and physically addictive drugs, such as heroin or the opiates. This demonization of hallucinogens was successful in spite of massive research efforts that began when Sandoz Pharmaceuticals decided to distribute psilocybin to qualified scientists for experimental and psychotherapeutic purposes. By employing the method for synthesis of psilocybin developed by A. Hofmann,

43

• working with A. Hofmann detected 0.2% of psilocybin in the mushrooms. Considering the powerful effects, however, this concentration appears to be too low to cause such impressive reactions. Later on, Sandoz Laboratories reported the level of psilocybin in dried samples as 0.8%, along with 1.2% psilocin. The level of psilocin, however, may have been falsely elevated by the presence of serotonin and its d

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• 112 Psychosynthesis, 109 Psychotherapy, 26, 102-105, 108-112 Receptors (in the brain), 102 Rhizomorphs, 31, 32, 66, 75 Ricken, A., 18, 20, 58 Robbins, T., 79 Roquet, S., 110 Samorini, G., 10, 95, 114 Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, 13, 43 Saprophytic species, 55, 58, 66-67, 69, 72 Saupe, S.G., 59 Saxo Grammaticus, 11 Schroeder, R.F., 100 Sclerotia, 56, 57, 69, 73, 72, 75, 117 Semerdzieva, M., 36 Serotonin, 41-4

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• lbert Hofmann Albert Hofmann, Ph.D. (1906-2008), was a Swiss biochemist known best for being the first person to synthesize, ingest, and experience the effects of LSD. In 1938, he was employed by the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Company in Basel, Switzerland, and worked with lysergic acid in the hopes of developing a stimulant for blood circulation. Because LSD-25 had no effect in animals, it was put aside, bu

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• in High Times magazine and from his book LSD: My Problem Child. 1 This substance, lysergic acid diethylamide, which I first synthesized in 1938, was given to the pharmacological-medical department at Sandoz laboratories for testing. The animals that were used for the test had no special reaction with this compound, and further research was stopped with this substance. Five years later, in 1943, I decide

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• an elephant. It did, the dose being several hundred thousand times what any human being had taken or would ever take. Even that well-reported disaster did not stop research from continuing worldwide. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel, Switzerland, the developer of LSD, had recently made available summaries of the first one thousand human studies. LSD was the most studied psychoactive drug in the world. Th

274

• hope of either side convincing the other. Gordon Wasson, who discovered psychedelic-mushroom use in the New World, was asked about the difference between the mushrooms and psilocybin, manufactured by Sandoz. He said, "I did not discover any difference. I think the people who discover a difference are looking for a difference and imagine they see a difference." 10 What is important is the effect that tak

19

• , when there are n o mushr oo ms , have recourse t o alternatives. Thanks to the brilliant w o rk of Dr. Albert th e Myster y o f antiquity and o ur mu s hr oo m rite in M exic o are ac- H o fmann of Sandoz , the Swiss pharmaceutical firm, we are n o w c o mpanied in the tw o s o cietie s by veil s o f reticence that , so far a s we can tell , match each o ther p o int f o r p o int l Our ancient writer

12

• , a role far more important than the world had supl)osed. Indians for centurie s , probabl y millennia. Dr. Alber.t Hofmann in We were still preoccupied with this idea when in Sel_tember 19 52 , tire Sandoz lal m ratories o f Basel undert o ok the delicate task of suddenly, we learned that a mushroom cult had been reported iii 16th isolating tire active agents, defining their molecular structure , and C

23

• tigations on semi-synthetic amides of synthesis of lysergic acid derivatives in the pharmaceutical-chemical lysergic acid, after d -lysergic acid L-propanolamide-( 2 ) (formula research laboratory of Sandoz Ltd. in Basel, Switzerland. II), which was found to be identical with the natural alkaloid ergo- Lysergic acid is the foundation stone of the ergot alkaloids, the metrine ( also known as ergonovine),

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• s. Don Alejandro says that taking the mushrooms too often "will make you crazy," but that the Virgin, who speaks through the leaves, is more gentle. Second, when Hofmann returned to his laboratory at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel, he had brought some juice from the Salvia leaves back with him, "preserved in alcohol." When this juice was deemed by self-experiment no longer to be active, Hofmann abandon

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• ejandro dice che prendendo i funghi troppo spesso, loro "ti renderanno pazzo," ma che la Vergine, che parla tramite le foglie, è più gentile. Secondo, quando Hofmann tornò al suo laboratorio presso i Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basilea, aveva portato con sé del succo di foglie di salvia, "preservato in alcool." Quando questo succo , testato in un auto-esperimento , si rivelò ormai inattivo, Hofmann abband

288

• e, Stropharia, and Conocybe--besides a number of subspecies. Most of them were new to science, although they had been known to the Indians for centuries, probably millennia. Dr. Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz laboratories of Basel undertook the delicate task of isolating the active agents, defining their molecular structure, and finally synthesizing them. By 1958, a surprisingly short time, he had accompl

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• morning Mike came by my office to chat about the session coming up that weekend. He didn't mention that the mushrooms had arrived. I said, Oh, by the way, I understand that the pack- age arrived from Sandoz. Mike took a step back- ward and blinked. Oh, yes, they came yesterday. Where are they now? His face darkened and took on a pinched expres- sion. Well . . . I . . . We, George and I . . . took them.

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• and bring about a new conception of man, his psychology, and philosophy. There was Albert Hoffman, who had invented LSD, who dreamed the Utopian dream, but who was limited by the cautious politics of Sandoz Pharmaceuticals. What a frustrating web his genius had woven for Sandoz. How could a medical-drug house make a profit on a revelation pill? Sandoz knew they had patented the most power- ful mind-chan

20

• away at times, but it will always come back and usually at the most embarrassing times. It's easier to assassinate the President of the United States than to kill your own ego. 500 micrograms of pure Sandoz LSD will "destroy" the ego more totally than any of the EM exercizes in this book—atom bomb it out of existence, as it were. The results even in that case, as all old acid-heads will assure you, are,

20

• away at times, but it will always come back and usually at the most embarrassing times. It's easier to assassinate the President of the United States than to kill your own ego. 500 micrograms of pure Sandoz LSD will "destroy" the ego more totally than any of the EM exercizes in this book—atom bomb it out of existence, as it were. The results even in that case, as all old acid-heads will assure you, are,

34

• my parents' lateness heightened, and years ago that I developed more faith in the validity of I felt neither a part of my sitter's family nor my vision. I Have Been Sentient My Entir e Life By Bobbie Sandoz Merrill, MSW Is a sentient, intuitive natur e something given only to a select few or is it something we all have only if we tune into it and use it? 31 YSR FEBRUAR Y 2008

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• y , when this happens to them. Don't question or fight it. Don't fret when it's not there, but simply surrender to the times it shows up and bask in the moments of pleasure those times of fer . Bobby Sandoz Merrill, MSW , is a community leader , a par enting and school consultant, an internationally r ecognized author , awar d-winning newspaper columnist, school co-founder , and pr ofessional speaker .

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• Mesoamericanists. THE INVENTION OF LSD Yet, even as the lights were going out in Europe, a fundamental breakthrough occurred. In 1938 Albert Hofmann was engaged in routine pharmaceutical research at Sandoz Laboratories, in Basel, Switzerland. Hofmann hoped to produce new drugs that would ease labor and childbirth. While working with the vasoconstricting substances derived from ergot, Hofmann synthesize

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• 7 (1957) 53-8; Athanassiadi-Fowden [1981] 25-7. י 24 Heracl. 235b. 25 Eunapius, Lives of the Sophists 473 5. Cf. H.-Adrien Naville, Julien l'Apostat et sa philosophie du polythéisme (Paris-Neuchatel: Sandoz, 1877) 24-6; Hans Raeder, "Kaiser Julian als Philosoph und religiöser Reformator", Classka et Mediaevalia 6 (1944) 179-93 repr. in R. Klein, ed., Julian Apostata (Darmstadt, 1978) 206-21; Athanassiad

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• s marked the higher spiri-tual state of man, according to Schuré, whoreproached the Church for having confiscatedChrist. Yet before his death he returned to theLutheran faith.Le Drame musical, Paris: Sandoz et Fischbacher, 1875♦Les Grands initiés, esquisse de l’histoire secrète desreligions: Rama, Krishna, Hermès, Moïse, Pythagore,Platon, Jésus, Paris: Perrin, 1889 ♦La Vie mystique,Paris: Perrin, 1894 ♦

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• mental illness. Should you arrive too late, during the first many years of my next lifetime I shall be found in the Simon Bolivar School for Boys of the Discordian Convent of San Medellin, Ciudad de Sandoz, Columbia - where instead of beating pupils for misconduct, the nuns give them blow jobs and then threaten delinquents with a termination of favors. (At least that's what Discordian San Juan Batista,

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• Mesoamericanists. THE INVENTION OF LSD Yet, even as the lights were going out in Europe, a fundamental breakthrough occurred. In 1938 Albert Hofmann was engaged in routine pharmaceutical research at Sandoz Laboratories, in Basel, Switzerland. Hofmann hoped to produce new drugs that would ease labor and childbirth. While working with the vasoconstricting substances derived from ergot, Hofmann synthesize

19

• personal endeavors. My thanks also go to the management at Sandoz PharmaAG, who have consistently encouraged my activities as a lecturer and author,and the Clinical Psychology students of the Universities of Basel and Fribourg,whose questions, comments and thoughts

20

• a view to anynew edition that may be produced.I thank Mrs L. Bru ̈nger, who advanced the production of this book with herspeedy and reliable work. My thanks also go to the superiors and colleagues atSandoz, whose moral and material support was always welcome. My particularappreciation goes to my family for their constant consideration.Basel, December 1988

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• or the odd psychiatric monograph talking about how the drug seemed to reproduce schizophrenia. But a far more potent brain-changer would soon appear on the scene. LSD was first synthesized in 1938 at Sandoz laboratories, in Basel, Switzerland, although the effects of the drug are said not to have been discovered by Dr. Albert Hofmann until 1943. Basle was the home of three huge chemical companies, Hoffm

82

• concerns about relying on the Swiss for their supply of the drug. While obtaining weekly supplies from Sandoz, the CIA was also funding the Eli Lilly company in the United States to synthesize the drug so as to ensure a steady supply. In 1954 Lilly announced that they had succeeded. A memo to Allen Dulles no

• ayas,” Geographical Journal 1904,23(1): 121–33. Jules Jacot-Guillarmod, Six mois dans l’Himalaya, le Karakorum etl’Hindu-Kush; voyages et explorations aux plus hautes montagnes du monde(Neuchâtel: W. Sandoz, 1904).105 [Kacz_9781583945766_epub_c04_r1.htm#c04-nts105a] Rudolf Cyriax “A Conqueston K2,” Times (London), 8 Aug 1938, 48067: 6.CHAPTER FIVE • A ROSE BY ANY OTHER NAME1 [Kacz_9781583945766_epub_c05

• rail. What Grady did notknow about, with all his worldwide learning, was what all the fuss was aboutthis drug L.S.D. (lysergic acid diethylamide), first synthesized chemically byAlbert Hoffman of the Sandoz Pharmaceutical Corporation in the 1940s and derivedfrom ergot fungus. Grady’s initiation into the 1960s began, in fact, withCrowley toward the end of World War II, but its culmination was spectacular

187

• e used on unsuspecting people. These are covered to some degree in Matrix 11. After Allen Dulles returned to the United States to become director of the newly created CIA, he ordered lOkg of LSD from Sandoz, the stated purpose being "for use in drug experiments with animals and human beings." This lot of LSD was equivalent to 100 million doses. The National Institute of Health funded a grant to the Uris

270

• they first stick to the panicles. Miillbacher noticed that the In 1976, J. F. Borel, a chemist working for the pharma- macrophages in his culture had become contaminated with a ceuticals manufacturer Sandoz discovered another useful fungus, a common and unwanted occurrence. But he decided secondary metabolite, cyclosporin k in the fungus to carry on with his experiment. Soon, he noticed something Tolypo

277

• s - -s (*) Mefck (US) 5.02 BrWOl MyeWsQuibb (US) 3.78 Glaxo (UK) 3.62 SmithKline becham (UK) 3.61 Cit#-OeiW (Switzerland) 2.9 1 Hoechst' (We01 G6fmany) 2.80 T-!a'(Japan) 2.43 us) . 235 WUW' (US) 2.33 Sandoz' (Switzerhnd) 2.31 Eli Lilly' (US) 2.27 1907~.~Fhuw*rTi

278

• result of astructure - - . - - - . . -. - of ihe business and because of the way medicinces are made. Many of the biggest dmgs grou are part of large multi- national chemical companies. &a-~elgy and Sandoz of Switzerland,.ICI of Britain, Bayer and Hoechst of Germany, the US'S Merrell Dow and France's Rh6ne-Poulenc all fit into this category. Many of the chemicals needed to make a drug are quite cheap a

331

• e Burton E-Sobel, a director of the National Institutes of Health; Rawleigh Warner Jr., chair- man of Mobil Corporation and a director of ATbT and Allied Signal (the $9 billion a year defense firm) 8.Sandoz of Switzerland: In 1943, LSD was developed by Sandoz chemist Albert Hoffman. Sandoz owns Northrup King, the huge hybrid seed company, Viking Brass and other firms. 9.Bristol-Myers: Its CEO is Richard

773

• litics and the world drug market. (RIIA) Plans for One World Church begin when World Council for Churches is set up in London. I.G. Farben signs working agreements with the drug firms in Switzerland, Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy. The RIIA establishes the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in the U.S. to control and eventually destroy the society of the United States. Tavistock eventually provides programs

800

• that it was not a spontaneous movement but an artificially created one. These were the disciples of lysergic acid, LSD, so conveniently provided for them by the highly respected Swiss pharmaceutical Sandoz company, and financed by the great Warburg banking dynasty, and brought to the U.S. by Aldous Hwley. The new "wonder drug" was promptly

912

• ts of Rothschild, N.H., gold price fixing at Safety Standards, Electromagnetic, Hidden Data Sagan, Carl, perception of human brain SAGE Radar, use in Mind Control Development Salmonella, Detection of Sandoz, information about Sarayet Maktal Saudis, bankrupted by the US Scalar Wave Devices and Planetary Grid Scalar Waves, propagation of Scalar, definition of Schneerson, Menachem Schroder Bank, Hitlers pe

779

• eral Reserve orders bank to recall loans. Dr. Otto Walberg experiments with human cells. Removes 35% of the oxygen and cells become non-reversibly cancerous. I.G. Farben signs working agreements with Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy in Switz Dr. Bergius discovers hydrogenation process. William Donovan meets Adolph Hitler at Berchtesgaden and Pension Moritz. The German Workers Party changes its name to the National

796

• " broadcast. Fi-eight British physicians sign a mandate against compulsory immunization in Guernsey point to the virtual disappearance of Diptheria in Sweden, a country without Diptheria vaccination. Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, now a subsidiary of I.G. Farben, begins manufacture of LSD~Lvserfzic acid. There is strong evidence that the "LSD conquest of the world was a paradigm generated within British Freema

803

• umuda Conference). Those involved in the holocaust became expendible to the war effort. German underground facilities being constructed in Austria and Czechoslaviakia. Dr. Albert Hofhan, a chemist at Sandoz, a Swiss Pharmaceutical house owned by S.G. Warburg, develops Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, LSD. There is evidence that British and American intelligence agencies were directly involved in its developm

817

• true, even if the opposite was not true. Approximately 400,000 pounds of penicillin and 350,000 pounds of strepto- mycin produced in the United States. Men Dulles orders 100 million doses of LSD fiom Sandoz. Eisenhower elected president of the United States. Nixon elected VP and John Kennedy elected to Senate. John Foster Dulles and John D. Rockefeller III set up the Population Council. The American Eug

822

• States explodes another hydrogen bomb in Bikini Island. Defense Intelligence Agency @IA) memo deems LSD A "new agent for unconventional warfare." CIA orders 100 million doses from I.G. Farben through Sandoz for mind control experiments well into the 1960's. New York Ties announces Stephen Bechtel, chairman of Bechtel Corp, has become a partner of J.P. Morgan Company. oPpenhei&er dismissed fiom governmen